APA 7th referencing

In-text citations are included throughout the course of your writing to acknowledge the sources of information you have used to build and support your ideas. They briefly identify a work by its author and year of publication and direct readers to a reference list entry with the full details of the source. In-text citations are required for both paraphrasing and quoting. Additional locator information, such as a page or paragraph number, is also included in some instances.

In-text citations can be presented in two ways:

• Author(s) and year appear within brackets, separated by a comma.

It could be argued that mental flexibility is a key factor in well-being (Palladino & Wade, 2010).

• Author(s) appear as part of the sentence, followed by the year in brackets.

Palladino and Wade (2010) argue that mental well-being is linked with flexible thinking.

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Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you present the ideas of others in your own words. Check out Integrating sources: Paraphrasing for more information and examples.

• In-text citation includes author and year of publication
• Check with your lecturer to see whether you should also include a page number (page numbers are not required in the APA manual)

Paraphrasing example

Palladino and Wade (2010) argue that mental well-being is linked with flexible thinking.

OR

It could be argued that mental flexibility is a key factor in well-being (Palladino & Wade, 2010).

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Quoting (40 words or less)

Quoting is when you copy the exact words from another source into your work. Check out Integrating sources: Quoting for information and examples.

• Place quotation marks around the quote “ “
• The in-text citation includes the author, year of publication and page number (or another identifier if there are no page numbers)

Quoting example - with page numbers

According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).

OR

“A flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).

Quoting example - without page numbers

Lee (2015) states that, “in APA style, double quotation marks are used to enclose quoted material” (para. 1).

OR

“In APA style, double quotation marks are used to enclose quoted material” (Lee, 2015, para. 1).

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Quoting (more than 40 words)

When the text you are quoting is more than 40 words long, use a freestanding block of text which:

• Starts on a new line
• Is indented from the left margin
• Does not include quotation marks

The in-text citation appears in brackets after the final punctuation mark and includes the author, year of publication, and page number or another identifier.

Block quotation example

In-text citations are important in academic writing, drawing the parallel between the author’s work and the sources which support it:

The function of any citation-signaller is to alert the reader to some kind of association between the citing text and the cited text. Citation-signallers may additionally, by using page references or chapter numbers, single out a particular part of the text as especially relevant. (Langham, 2005, p. 361)

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Multiple sources for the same information

When including multiple sources to support a particular point in your writing or demonstrate a consensus:

• The in-text citation includes all sources in the same set of brackets, ordered alphabetically. Separate the citations with semi colons
• Include a reference list entry for each source

Multiple sources example

There is an established consensus that the current trend towards a warming climate is directly linked to human activity (Hegerl, 1996; Levitus et al., 2017; NASA, n.d.; Robinson et al., 2014; Santer et al., 2003).

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Multiple works by the same author(s)

When referencing multiple works by the same author, order chronologically in the reference list. References with no date (n.d.) precede references with dates

In-text citations

(Bull, 2008).

Bull (2010) states…

Reference list

Bull, M. (2008). Governing the heroin trade: From treaties to treatment. Ashgate Publishing. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=438571

Bull, M. (2015). Punishment and sentencing: Risk rehabilitation and restitution. Oxford University Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=1985996

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Multiple works by the same author(s) - published in the same year

• Add a, b, c after the year to differentiate works by the same author(s) published in the same year
• Order alphabetically by the title of the work in the reference list
• For references that have no date (shown by n.d.), use the following forms for the date in the in-text citation and reference list: (n.d.-a), (n.d.-b) etc.

In-text citation

(Clarke & Fawcett, 2014b).

Clarke and Fawcett (2014a) suggest that…

Reference list

Clarke, P. N., & Fawcett, J. (2014a). Life as a mentor. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(3), 213-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534492

Clarke, P. N., & Fawcett, J. (2014b). Life as a nurse researcher. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(1), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413509708

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Different authors with the same surname

If referring to two or more publications where the primary (first) authors have the same surname, include the first author’s initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Initials help avoid confusion within the text and help readers locate the correct reference list entry.

In-text citations will include author initials

(B. Johnson, 2017). OR According to B. Johnson (2017)…

(M. Johnson et al., 2016). OR M. Johnson et al. (2016) state…

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Authors citing other authors

Academic content such as books and journal articles will often contain a lot of citations. When do you need to credit the original author (primary source)? Cite the original author when:

• They are quoted by your source (the secondary source)
• When a specific study is discussed in the secondary source, and you reproduce findings or arguments from that study without accessing the primary source
• Indigenous knowledges are cited by a non-Indigenous author, or knowledges cited are connected to a particular community or language group to which the Indigenous author does not belong (find out more about referencing Indigenous knowledges).

When citing a secondary source:

• The in-text citation should include author details from the primary source, as well as the author, year of publication and page/paragraph number from the secondary source
• If you are citing Indigenous knowledges, you should also include the community or language group the knowledge originates from if this information is known
• Only the secondary source is included in the reference list.

In-text citation

“We are part of the land, it is part of us” (Philippe, 2008, as cited in Maldonado et al., 2013, p. 610).

OR

Philippe (2008, as cited in Maldonado et al., 2013) states “we are part of the land, it is part of us” (p. 610).

In-text citation - Indigenous knowledges

Sixteen plant parts, collected from eight separate species were assessed by the University of Western Sydney’s Health Research Institute for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, their effectiveness long established within the Aboriginal community (Mbabaram knowledge, as cited in Packer et al., 2019, p. 5).

Reference list

Maldonado, J. K., Shearer, C., Bronen, R., Peterson, K., & Lazrus, H. (2013). The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: Displacement, relocation, and human rights. Climatic Change, 120(3), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0746-z

Packer, J., Turpin, G., Ens, E., Venkataya, B., Mbabaram Community, Yirralka Rangers, & Hunter, J. (2019). Building partnerships for linking biomedical science with traditional knowledge of customary medicine: A case study with two Australian Indigenous communities. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 15, 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0348-6