APA 7th referencing

Multiple works by the same author(s) published in the same year

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If you cite multiple works by same author (or authors) published in the same year, add a letter after the year (a, b, c) to tell the works apart.

• In the reference list, order the works alphabetically by their title
• In the in-text citation, include the letter after the year
• If the work has no date (shown as n.d.), use: (n.d.-a), (n.d.-b), etc.

In-text citation

(Clarke & Fawcett, 2014b).

Clarke and Fawcett (2014a) suggest that…

Reference list

Clarke, P. N., & Fawcett, J. (2014a). Life as a mentor. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(3), 213-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318414534492

Clarke, P. N., & Fawcett, J. (2014b). Life as a nurse researcher. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(1), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318413509708

Multiple works shorten to the same in-text citation

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If multiple works with three or more authors shorten to the same citation, write out as many author names as needed to tell the sources apart and use et al. for the remaining authors. If the only difference is the last author, write all author names in every citation.

In-text citation example

(Smith, Jones, McDonald et al., 2019)

(Smith, Jones, Black et al., 2019)

OR

Smith, Jones, McDonald et al. (2019)

Smith, Jones, Black et al. (2019)

Different first authors with the same surname

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If you use sources where the first authors have the same surname, but different initials, you need to include the initials in your in-text citations. This helps readers tell the authors apart and find the correct entry in your reference list. This rule applies even if the works were published in different years.

Examples

(B. Johnson, 2017). OR According to B. Johnson (2017)…

(M. Johnson et al., 2016). OR M. Johnson et al. (2016) state…

Authors citing other authors

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Academic content such as books and journal articles will often contain a lot of citations. You need to credit the original author (primary source) when:

• They are quoted by your source (the secondary source) and you use that quote in your work
• When a specific study is discussed in the secondary source, and you use the findings or ideas from that study without accessing the primary source.

When you cite a secondary source:

• In your in-text citation, include the author and year from the primary (original) source, followed by “as cited in” and the author, year, and page number of the source you actually read (the secondary source)
• In your reference list, only include the secondary source.

In-text citation

“We are part of the land, it is part of us” (Philippe, 2008, as cited in Maldonado et al., 2013, p. 610).

OR

Philippe (2008, as cited in Maldonado et al., 2013) states “we are part of the land, it is part of us” (p. 610).

Reference list

Maldonado, J. K., Shearer, C., Bronen, R., Peterson, K., & Lazrus, H. (2013). The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: Displacement, relocation, and human rights. Climatic Change, 120(3), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0746-z

Quoting

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Quoting means copying the exact words from another source into your writing. For more information, check out Integrating sources: Quoting for examples and tips.

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Short quotations (40 words or less)

• Use quotation marks around the quote “ ”
• Include the author, year and page number (or another identifier if there are no page numbers) in the in-text citation.

Quoting example - with page numbers

“Automatic thinking is thought that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless” (Aronson et al., 2021, p. 75).

OR

Aronson et al. (2021) define automatic thinking as “thought that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless” (p. 75).

Quoting example - without page numbers

Lee (2015) states that, “in APA style, double quotation marks are used to enclose quoted material” (para. 1).

OR

“In APA style, double quotation marks are used to enclose quoted material” (Lee, 2015, para. 1).