APA 7th referencing

Cochrane systematic review

Reference components

Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/DOI

Reference list example

Dushianthan, A., Cusack, R., Burgess, V. A., Grocott, M. P. W., & Calder, P. C. (2019). Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012041.pub2

(Dushianthan et al., 2019).

OR

Dushianthan et al. (2019) suggest…

If quoting

“At present, no effective pharmacotherapies are known to moderate the disease process of ARDS” (Dushianthan et al., 2019, p. 5).

OR

Dushianthan et al. (2019) found that “at present, no effective pharmacotherapies are known to moderate the disease process of ARDS” (p. 5).

UpToDate

Reference components

Author Surname, Initial(s). (year). Title of article or entry. UpToDate. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL

Reference list example

Bordeaux, B. (2024). Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpToDate. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages

(Bordeaux, 2024).

OR

Bordeaux (2024)…

If quoting

“In their natural forms, coffee and tea contain several chemical components that may confer both beneficial and adverse health effects” (Bordeaux, 2024, Introduction section, para. 1).

OR

Bordeaux (2024) explains that “in their natural forms, coffee and tea contain several chemical components that may confer both beneficial and adverse health effects” (Introduction section, para. 1).

Note. When quoting, if the publication has no page numbers, cite another identifier instead.

  • Provide a retrieval date as the content will change over time
  • Take the year from the last updated date in the database

AMH, MIMs and Martindale

Reference components

Title of article or entry. (year). Title of Source in Italics. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL

Reference list examples

Atorvastatin. (2019). Australian Medicines Handbook. Retrieved November 7, 2019, from https://amhonline-amh-net-au.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/chapters/cardiovascular-drugs/drugs-dyslipidaemia/statins/atorvastatin

Panamax. (2017). MIMS Online. Retrieved November 7, 2019, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au

Rheumatoid arthritis. (2019). Martindale. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://www.medicinescomplete.com/#/content/martindale/17192-a4-3-w

(“Atorvastatin,” 2019).

OR

(“Rheumatoid Arthritis,” 2019).

If quoting

“Chronic liver disease increases concentration of atorvastatin” (“Atorvastatin,” 2019, Precautions section).

OR

According to the article “Atorvastatin” (2019), “chronic liver disease increases concentration of atorvastatin” (Precautions section).

Note. When quoting, if the publication has no page numbers, cite another identifier instead.

  • The title moves to the author position when there is no author
  • Provide a retrieval date as the content will change over time
  • When referencing MIMs, provide the URL for the homepage of the database

DSM-5 and ICD

Reference components

Author. (year). Title of chapter or entry. In Title of diagnostic manual in italics (# ed.). Publisher Name. https://doi.org/DOI or URL

Reference list examples

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Feeding and eating disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x10_Feeding_and_Eating_Disorders

World Health Organization. (2024). Sleep-related movement disorders. In International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). http://id.who.int/icd/entity/49589409

(American Psychiatric Association, 2022).

OR

The World Health Organization (2024) classify…

If quoting

“The essential feature of pica is the eating of one or more nonnutritive, nonfood substances on a persistent basis over a period of at least 1 month” (American Psychiatric Association, 2022, Pica section, para. 1).

OR

The American Psychiatric Association (2022) state that “the essential feature of pica is the eating of one or more nonnutritive, nonfood substances on a persistent basis over a period of at least 1 month” (Pica section, para. 1).

Note. When quoting, if the publication has no page numbers, cite another identifier instead.

Optional organisation name abbreviation

First citation:

…(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022).

OR

The American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2022)…

Subsequent citations:

(APA, 2022).

OR

APA (2022) has defined…

  • When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the Publisher Name
  • When referring to the complete manual, use the Book reference type

Clinical practice guidelines

Reference components

Author Surname, Initial(s) or Organisation Name. (year). Title of clinical guideline in italics (Guideline no.). Source Name. URL

Reference list examples

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020). Joint replacement (primary): Hip, knee and shoulder (NICE Guideline NG157). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG157

Perth Children’s Hospital. (2020). Bronchiolitis. Government of Western Australia, Child and Adolescent Health Service. https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/en/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Bronchiolitis

(Perth Children’s Hospital, 2020).

OR

The guideline provided by the Perth Children’s Hospital (2020) outlines…

If quoting

“Bronchiolitis is a viral condition beginning with an acute upper respiratory infection followed by onset of respiratory distress and fever” (Perth Children’s Hospital, 2020, Background section).

OR

Perth Children’s Hospital (2020) defines bronchiolitis as “a viral condition beginning with an acute upper respiratory infection followed by onset of respiratory distress and fever” (Background section).

Note. When quoting, if the publication has no page numbers, cite another identifier instead.

Optional organisation name abbreviation

First citation:

…(Perth Children’s Hospital [PCH], 2020).

OR

The Perth Children’s Hospital (PCH, 2020)…

Subsequent citations:

(PCH, 2020).

OR

PCH (2020) has defined…

  • When the author and the source are the same, omit the Source Name
  • If there is no guideline number this can be omitted from the reference