Chicago 18th Author-Date

In-text citations are included throughout the course of your writing to acknowledge the sources of information you have used to build and support your ideas. They briefly identify a work by its author and year of publication and direct readers to a reference list entry with the full details of the source. In-text citations are required for paraphrasing, quoting and summarising. Additional locator information, such as a page number or other identifier may also be included after the year, if required.

In brief, this page shows how to:

Types of in-text citations

In-text citations can be presented in two ways:

Information prominent - Author(s) and year appear within brackets.

It could be argued that mental flexibility is a key factor in well-being (Palladino and Wade 2010, 4).

Author prominent - Author(s) appear as part of the sentence, followed by the year in brackets.

Palladino and Wade (2010, 4) argue that mental well-being is linked with flexible thinking.

Format of in-text citations

The following examples demonstrate how to create in-text citations based on the number of authors and other relevant factors.

Number of authors to include for in-text citations

The format of the authors in the in-text citation changes according to the number of authors for the work.

  • For a work with one or two authors, include the author(s) name in every in-text citation
  • For a work with three or more authors, include the name of the first author, followed by et al. (meaning and others) in all citations
  • For works with no author see No author on the Reference list page.
Author Information prominent Author prominent
One or two authors (Smith 2020).
(Smith and Jones 2020, 6).
According to Smith (2020, 6)…
Smith and Jones (2020, 6) highlighted this…
Three or more authors (Thomas et al. 2018, 23). Thomas et al. (2018, 23) recommends…
Organisation as author (World Health Organization 2018, para. 5). World Health Organization (2018, para. 5) state…
Organisation
with optional abbreviation
First citation:
(World Health Organization [WHO] 2018).
Subsequent citations:
(WHO 2018).
First citation:
World Health Organization (WHO 2018) have…
Subsequent citations:
WHO (2018) mentions…

Other in-text citation scenarios

Multiple sources within the same citation


When including multiple sources to support a particular point in your writing or demonstrate a consensus:

  • Include all sources in the same set of brackets. You can choose to order these names alphabetically by author, chronologically by date of publication, or by importance, whichever best supports your work
  • Separate the citations with semicolons
  • Include a reference list entry for each source.

In-text citation example: Multiple sources

There is an established consensus that the current trend towards a warming climate is directly linked to human activity (Hegerl 1996, 12; Levitus et al. 2017, 4; NASA, n.d., 54; Robinson, Hall, and Mote 2014, 11; Santer et al. 2003, 42).


When including multiple sources by the same author(s) in the same citation:

  • Include the author, followed by the years in chronological order (from the oldest to the newest), separated by a comma
  • If including page numbers, separate with a semi-colon
  • Include a reference list entry for each source.

In-text citation example: Multiple sources by the same author(s)

(Smith et al. 2019, 2023, 2025)

With page numbers:

(Wong 1999, 328; 2000, 475)

Multiple works by the same author(s) published in the same year


  • Add a, b, c and so on after the year to differentiate works by the same author(s) published in the same year
  • Order alphabetically by the title of the work in the reference list

In-text citation examples: With a date

(Clarke and Fawcett 2014b).

OR

Clarke and Fawcett (2014a) suggest that…


In-text citation examples: No date

(DevelopmentWA, n.d.-a).

OR

DevelopmentWA (n.d.-b) highlight…

Different first authors with the same surname


If referring to two or more publications where the primary (first) authors have the same surname, include the first author’s initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs.

In-text citation examples:

(B. Johnson 2015, 6). OR According to B. Johnson (2015, 6)…

(M. Johnson et al. 2016, 22). OR M. Johnson et al. (2016, 22) states…

Authors citing other authors


Academic content such as books and journal articles will often contain a lot of citations. When do you need to give credit to the original author (primary source)? Cite the original author when:

  • They are quoted by your source (the secondary source)
  • When a specific study is discussed in the secondary source and you reproduce findings or arguments from that study without accessing the primary source

When citing a secondary source:

  • The in-text citation should include author details and the year from the primary source, as well as the author, year of publication and page/paragraph number from the secondary source
  • Only the secondary source is included in the reference list

In-text citation examples:

…“event in nature or in society” (Blaikie et al. 1994, as quoted by Maldonado et al. 2013, 602).

OR

Lazrus (2012, as quoted by Maldonado et al. 2013, 610) outlines the exemptions for certain populations.

Quoting


Quoting is when you copy the exact words (including spelling and punctuation) from another source into your work. Check out Integrating sources: Quoting for information and examples.

Quoting (40 words or less)

  • Short quotations should be run in (incorporated) within the text
  • Place quotation marks around the quote
  • In-text citation includes author, year of publication and page number or other identifiers

Quoting examples:

According to Palladino and Wade (2010, 147), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind.”

OR

In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino and Wade 2010, 147).


Long quotations (40 words or more)

Use a freestanding block of text which:

  • Starts on a new line
  • Is indented from the left margin
  • Does not include quotation marks

Your in-text citation will appear in brackets after the final punctuation mark and will include the author, year of publication, and page number or other identifier (note: there is no punctuation mark after the in-text citation).

Block quotation example:

In-text citations are important in academic writing, drawing the parallel between the author’s work and the sources which support it:

The function of any citation-signaller is to alert the reader to some kind of association between the citing text and the cited text. Citation-signallers may additionally, by using page references or chapter numbers, single out a particular part of the text as especially relevant. (Langham 2005, 361)

Page numbers and other identifiers

Page numbers are used in in-text citations to pinpoint the specific location within a source that you are referring to, especially when you are quoting. It helps the reader locate the exact information you are citing, making it easier for them to verify your claims or consult the source directly. The Chicago style recommends the use of page numbers when:

  • Quoting directly from a source
  • Referring to a specific idea, section or point in a source.

Note: As there is flexibility with the inclusion of page numbers, it is advisable to check with your tutor.

If page numbers are not available, include another identifier such as a paragraph number, chapter number, section number or heading.

Identifier Example
Page number (Thomas et al. 2018, 23).
Paragraph number (World Health Organization 2025, para. 3).
Chapter or section number (Gay and Simnett 2018, chap. 8.2).
Section heading (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, under “Education and Employment”).
Timestamp (Audiovisual material)
Use the format: HH:MM:SS
(Ellis 2017, at 0:25-9).
(Miller 2015, at 1:12:19-41).
Slide number (Richardson 2015, slide 9).