Vancouver referencing

Table of Contents

Introduction

Vancouver is a numbered referencing style, predominantly used in medical fields. It is based on the AMA manual of Style, 11th edition.

This guide is primarily for students completing assignments at Curtin University. If you are publishing (e.g. journal article, PhD), please consult the above publication as the reference examples provided here may differ from the requirements outlined in the official style guide.

Printable referencing guide

A printable Vancouver referencing guide is available on the UniSkills downloads page.

In-text citations

Numbered citations

In the Vancouver style, numbers are used to denote in-text citations in your research paper. Numbers are allocated consecutively to each reference as it is cited for the first time in the text of the assignment (i.e. the first citation that appears in-text is number one, the next unique citation that appears in-text is number 2 and so on). This number becomes the unique identifier of that source and if the source is cited again in-text, the same number is repeated. Vancouver uses superscript numbers in-text, e.g. ^1-4,10,12

Placement of in-text citations

Include citations:

• After the author’s name, e.g. Johnson¹ explains…
• To the right of commas and full stops, e.g. This is a widely accepted theory.²
• To the left of colons and semi colons, e.g. The study lists the following³: motivation,…

Multiple citations can be inserted at a single point in-text, separated by a comma with no spaces in between, e.g. This issue has been faced by many in the industry.^1,2,4,7 When there are three or more consecutive citations, join the first and last in the series with a hyphen, e.g. The condition has been reported in a number of studies.^4-7

Page numbers

If citing different pages from a single source at different places in the text, page numbers can be included in the citation and the source listed once in the reference list. Place the page number(s) in brackets directly following the numbered citation. Use p for a single page or pp for multiple pages, e.g. …pain response should be considered.^{8(p83),9,12(pp3,5)}

Please check with your tutor if they require you to provide page numbers for direct quotes.

Author names in-text

If mentioning authors in text, only surnames (family names) are used. For a reference with two authors include both surnames, e.g. Avery and Williams¹ highlight the importance of this method. For references with three or more authors, list the first author then et al (meaning and others), e.g. Azar et al² reported on this association.

Sample paragraph and reference list

In Australia falls are one of the main causes of injury-related hospitalisations, with the elderly representing the majority of cases.¹ Accidental falls in older persons can have a detrimental effect on their mental wellbeing.^2,3 “The psychological aspects, especially fear of falling, loss of confidence and increased anxiety, can be more disabling than the physical ones.”^3(p18) It is therefore important that effective programs are implemented to reduce the incidence of falls.^4-6

REFERENCES

1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Trends in Hospitalised Injury, Australia: 2007-08 to 2016-17. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2019. INJCAT 204. Accessed November 26, 2020. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/trends-in-hospitalised-injury-2007-08-to-2016-17
2. Lee F, Mackenzie L, James C. Perceptions of older people living in the community about their fear of falling. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(23):1803-1811. doi:10.1080/09638280701669508
3. Barker W. Assessment and prevention of falls in older people. Nurs Older People. 2014;26(6):18-24. doi:10.7748/nop.26.6.18.e586
4. Sinclair AJ, Morley JE, Vellas B, eds. Pathy’s Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2012. Accessed October 10, 2018. doi:10.1002/9781119952930
5. Reznik D. Fall prevention. Am J Nurs. 2013;113(7):12. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000431897.51118.69
6. Jones D, Whitaker T. Preventing falls in older people: assessment and interventions. Nurs Stand. 2011;25(52):50-55. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/preventing-falls-older-people-assessment/docview/893881691/se-2?accountid=10382

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)

If you use a GenAI tool, such as ChatGPT, Claude, or Copilot, when completing an assessment, it is recommended to declare your use. Additionally, if you have used GenAI to create content that you include in your work, you must reference this use as a source of information.

Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging sources such as books, articles, and websites to show that your work is based on credible evidence. GenAI must be cited if used as an information source. This is required in the same way as any other information you include in your work that comes from an external source.

It is important to understand that AI-generated content is considered a non-recoverable source. This means that the content produced is usually not accessible to anyone other than the person who generated it. Unless the GenAI tool provides a shareable link to the chat, other people cannot be directed to the exact location where the content was created. This makes it difficult to verify claims in the same way as traditional sources.

GenAI tools are also not considered scholarly sources at this time. Their responses are created from large training datasets, and the original source of the information is often unknown. For this reason, GenAI outputs should be used with care in academic work.

If the GenAI text discusses theories or specific ideas, you should include additional sources to support them with scholarly research.

If you are allowed to use GenAI in your work, it is good practice to include:

• A written declaration

You should follow your Unit Coordinator’s instructions or use the Library’s declaration template to clearly explain how GenAI supported your work. You may also wish to include the prompts you used as a list or by sharing a link to the chat.

• An in-text citation

This is required if the generated text has been quoted, paraphrased or summarised in your written work.

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Reference list examples

Author variations

Author variations apply to all reference types (books, journal articles, reports etc.). Author surnames (family names) are followed by their two-letter initials with no space or full stop between the initials, e.g. Smith JA. Commas are used to separate each author’s name, e.g. Khan FM, Gibbons JP.

No author

• If there is no personal author, check to see if an organisation has acted as author. If not, omit the author from the reference and list the title of the item first

Example

Joint replacements should not cost an arm and a leg. The Australian. September 22, 2016;Commentary:13.

One to six authors

• List all authors in the reference

Example

Laycock A, Bailie R, O’Donoghue L. Primary Health Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: an Evidence-Based Guide. Sydney University Press; 2025. Accessed July 6, 2026. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=32154198

More than six authors

• List the first three authors in the reference followed by et al (meaning and others)

Example

Smith BM, Kirby M, Hoffman EA, et al. Association of dysanapsis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among older adults. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2268-2280. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6918

Organisation as author

• List the organisation name in full

Example

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian Bushfires 2019-2020: Exploring the Short-Term Health Impacts. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2020. PHE 276. Accessed November 26, 2020. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/environment-and-health/short-term-health-impacts-2019-20-bushfires/contents/summary

Title capitalisation

Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)

A Digital Object Identifier (DOI), is a string of numbers, letters and symbols that creates a permanent link to a journal article, book or other online document, e.g. 10.1108/HER-10-2015-0023. In the Vancouver style, DOIs are presented as metadata, not as hyperlinks, e.g. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6353

Journal and news articles

Journal titles are abbreviated in the Vancouver style, e.g. New England Journal of Medicine appears as N Engl J Med in the reference list entry. A list of abbreviations is available through PubMed at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Click on Journals (under Explore) and enter the full journal title to view its abbreviation. Alternative sources of journal title abbreviations are listed in appendix B of Citing Medicine.

Journal article

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Reference examples

Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Improving global air-quality indices — the WHO’s new roadmap. N Engl J Med. 2026;394(24):2390–2392. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2601256

Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(4):344–381. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00038-3

Wilkes B, Whop LJ, Thurber KA, Colonna E, Lovett R. Embedding cultural safety to combat racism against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: advice for healthcare settings. Aust J Gen Pract. 2026;55(3):91–96. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/embedding-cultural-safety-combat-racism-against/docview/3331137167/se-2?accountid=10382

Tucker M-A, Meyer A, Bitonti M, Supple M, Cain B. Pharmacist optimization of lipid therapy in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2024;81(suppl 4):S152-S159. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxae097

Journal article with an article number

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Reference examples

D’Aquino S, Kumar A, Riordan B, Callinan S. Long-term effects of alcohol consumption on anxiety in adults: a systematic review. Addict Behav. 2024;155:108047. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108047

Chomik R, Bates SM, Wright M. Two decades of primary care funding in Australia: a descriptive time-series and distributional analysis. Med J Aust. 2026;224(6):e70210. doi:10.5694/mja2.70210

Journal article - Advanced online publication

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Reference examples

Li L, Kan F, Su X, Bao D. Association between red cell distribution width and all-cause mortality in patients with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol. Published online July 1, 2026. doi:10.1080/00015385.2026.2695318

De Sousa KC, Swanepoel DW. Hearing aids for adults with mild to moderate hearing loss. JAMA. Published online May 27, 2026. doi:10.1001/jama.2026.4740

Newspaper article

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Reference examples

Titelius R. War not wasted on health. The West Australian. March 31, 2019;Confidential:33.

Careful, medicines can also be poisons. The Australian. August 25, 2020;Commentary:10. Accessed November 6, 2020. https://www-proquest-com/docview/2436658973?accountid=10382

Vaccine is ready to roll. Koori Mail. March 24, 2021:9. Accessed July 12, 2021. https://aiatsis.gov.au/collection/featured-collections/koori-mail

Books

Entire book

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Reference examples

Katsagoni CN, Kokkinos P, Sidossis LS. Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: Physical Activity, Fitness and Healthy Aging. John Wiley & Sons; 2023. Accessed July 6, 2026. doi:10.1002/978111983347

Whitney E, Rolfes SR, Crowe T. Understanding Nutrition. 5th ed. Cengage Learning Australia; 2022. Accessed July 6, 2026. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=7120461

Madison K, Horsfall J. Kimberley Bush Medicine: Medicinal Plants of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. UWA Publishing; 2023.

Chapter in an edited book

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Reference examples

Riddle M, Taylor WD. Structural changes in the aging brain. In: Etkin A, Hantke N, O’Hara R, eds. Handbook of Mental Health and Aging. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2020:59-70. Accessed November 6, 2020. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=6183701

Caballero R, Delpón E, Tamargo J. Drug interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs. In: Martínez-Rubio A, Tamargo J, Dan G.-A, eds. Antiarrhythmic Drugs. 2nd ed. Springer; 2024:311-341. Accessed July 6, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74046-6

Cain JJ, Clauson KA, Fox BI. Digital communication in healthcare. In: Beardsley R, Skrabal MZ, Kimberlin CL, eds. Communication Skills in Pharmacy Practice: A Practical Guide for Students and Practitioners. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2020:189-209.

Thesis

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Reference examples

Czarniak P. Issues With the Use of Medicines in Paediatrics: Off-label and Unlicensed Use, and Formulation Uncertainty. Dissertation. Curtin University; 2014. Accessed December 6, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/554

Smith C. The Development and Validation of the Breast Lymphoedema Severity Symptom (BLYSS) Questionnaire. Master’s thesis. Curtin University; 2013. Accessed January 16, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1022

Conference paper or poster

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Reference example

Fredericks J, Lawrence C. #thisismymob: preserving and promoting Indigenous Australian cultural heritage. Paper presented at: MobileCH 2018; September 3, 2018; Barcelona, Spain. Accessed December 15, 2022. http://ceur-ws/Vol-2176/paper3.pdf

Health resources

Cochrane Review

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Reference example

Sanders SL, Agwan S, Hassan M, Bont LJ, Venekamp RP. Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;(10):CD009417. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009417.pub3

Online reference works (AMH, Martindale, MIMS, UpToDate)

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Reference examples

Amoxicillin. Australian Medicines Handbook. Updated July, 2020. Accessed November 12, 2020. https://amhonline-amh-net-au.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/chapters/anti-infectives/antibacterials/penicillins/amoxicillin

Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Malaria (anitmalarials). Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Updated April 19, 2017. Accessed November 12, 2020. https://www.medicinescomplete.com/#/content/martindale/1370-a5-1-b?hspl=malaria

MIMS Australia. Alphamox. MIMS Online. Updated November, 2020. Accessed November 12, 2020. https://www-mimsonline-com-au.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/

Feldweg AM, Kelso JM, TePas E. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: management and prognosis. UpToDate. Updated January 15, 2020. Accessed November 12, 2020. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-anaphylaxis-management-and-prognosis

Websites and social media

Webpage on a website

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Reference examples

Australian IndigenousHealthInfoNET. Environmental health. Australian IndigenousHealthInfoNET. Accessed July 7, 2026. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/determinants-of-health/environmental-health/

Maddison M, Cassidy T. Type 1 diabetes causes widely misunderstood, sufferers say, with sugar shaming a ‘trigger.’ ABC News. July 17, 2020. Updated October 28, 2020. Accessed January 21, 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-17/fighting-misconceptions-about-type-1-diabetes/12460244

YouTube or streaming video

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Reference examples

Raskopoulos J. Living with High Functioning Anxiety. TEDxSydney. June 16, 2017. Accessed July 12, 2021. https://tedxsydney.com/talk/living-with-high-functioning-anxiety-jordan-raskopoulos/

McCormack J. Viva La Evidence. YouTube. August 22, 2013. Accessed September 24, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUW0Q8tXVUc

Blog post

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Reference example

Strakosch C. Regional connectivity: more than an affordable internet connection. Good Things Foundation Australia blog. February 25, 2020. Accessed September 24, 2020. https://www.goodthingsfoundation.org.au/news-and-blogs/blog/regional-connectivity-more-affordable-internet-connection

Facebook

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Reference example

World Health Organization Facebook page. Today is World Alzheimer’s Day. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. There are nearly 10 million new cases of dementia every year - that’s one case every 3 seconds. September 20, 2020. Accessed September 24, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/WHO

Twitter

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Reference example

@WHO. #Rabies immunization should also be considered for children living in, or visiting, remote, high-risk areas. As they play with animals, they may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites. September 23, 2020. Accessed September 24, 2020. https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1308465339467005952

Podcast

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Reference example

Malcolm L. All in the Mind. Tripping for depression. September 16, 2018. Accessed November 11, 2020. http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/tripping-for-depression/10223006

Reports and legislation

Government or organisation report

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Reference examples

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Non-Medical Use of Pharmaceuticals: Trends, Harms and Treatment, 2006-07 to 2015-16. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2017. HSE 195. Accessed September 25, 2020. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/non-medical-use-pharmaceuticals/contents/table-of-contents

World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2013: Research for Universal Health Coverage. World Health Organization; 2013. Accessed September 25, 2020. https://www.who.int/whr/2013/report/en/

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Alcohol Consumption. Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2023. Accessed July 7, 2026. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/alcohol-consumption/2022

Act of Parliament

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Reference example

Mental Health Act 2014 (WA). Accessed June 23, 2020. https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes

Case

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Reference example

The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 5.

Tables & figures

What are tables and figures?

• Tables are numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns.
• Figures are any graphical display used to present information, such as a chart, map, graph, photograph, illustration, digital image, clinical image, etc.

See below for examples of tables and figures.

Adapting or reproducing a published table or figure

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When you are adapting (altering from the original) or reproducing (directly copying) a table or figure from another source in your work.

Above the table or figure:

• Write Table or Figure followed by the number and a full stop, in bold (e.g. Table 1. or Figure 1.). Number sequentially according to their order of appearance in the text of your work. If there is only a single table or figure in your paper, label as Table or Figure without the number. Tables and figures are numbered separately.
• Include a brief descriptive title phrase following the table or figure number. The title should be in headline style capitalisation (where each significant word is capitalised) and not in bold.
• Place a line across the width of the table or figure, between the assignment text and the title of the table or figure.

Below the table or figure:

• A legend (if needed) written in sentence format containing information that describes the table or figure beyond the title
• Footnotes may be provided in the legend to give further information about specific data in a table or figure. The order of the footnotes follows their appearance in the table or figure and uses superscript lowercase letters in alphabetical order (a-z) (see Table 2)
• If reproducing a published table or figure, the original source should be cited in the legend with a note to explain the source of the data, e.g. Reproduced from, Adapted from, Data were derived from etc.
• Include any relevant copyright or Creative Commons (CC) licence information, e.g. Reproduced under a CC BY 4.0 licence from Cobiac et al.¹
• If the source has specific requirements or terminology for providing acknowledgement, this should be included in the legend
• Citations should be numbered according to their appearance in the text, tables or figures. If you have previously cited a source in the text and cite again in the table or figure, repeat with the same number.

Reference list:

• Include an entry for the source of the table or figure in the reference list.

In text:

• Tables and figures should be placed as close as possible to the text discussing it. Refer to the table or figure by its number, e.g. Figure 1 shows the use of alcohol-based hand rub. OR Use of alcohol-based hand rub is important in surgical settings (Figure 1).

Example of a table adapted from a journal article

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Table 1. Food Tax and Subsidy Interventions

Intervention	Tax or subsidy	Sources and assumptions
Saturated fat tax	$1.37/100 g of saturated fat	Tax on saturated fat content in foods with >2.3% saturated fat, excluding drinking milk
Excess salt tax	$0.30/1 g of sodium	Tax on sodium in excess of Australian maximum recommended levels, excluding fresh fruits, vegetables, meats, and dairy products
Sugar-sweetened beverage tax	$0.47/l	Tax on sugar-sweetened soft drinks, energy drink, cordials, and fruit drinks
Fruit and vegetable subsidy	$0.14/100 g	Subsidy on all fresh and preserved fruits and vegetables
Sugar tax	$0.94/100 ml of ice cream; $0.85/100 g of sugar	Tax on ice cream containing >10 g of sugar per 100 g of ice cream; tax on sugar content in excess of 10 g per 100 g of all other products, excluding fresh fruits, vegetables, and unflavoured dairy products

All currency amounts are shown in Australian dollars. Adapted under a CC BY 4.0 licence from Cobiac et al.¹

Example of a figure reproduced from a report

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Figure 1. Cultural Safety and Responsiveness Training for Staff

Proportion of Indigenous-specific primary health care organisations and maternal/child health services that had cultural orientation for non-Indigenous staff, by state and territory, 2017-18. Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare² under a CC-BY 3.0 licence.

Example of a table adapted from a webpage

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Table 2. Australian Workforce Statistics by Health Profession

Profession	2013	2018	% change
Allied healtha	108,680	133,388	22.7
Dental practitionersb	17,847	20,589	15.4
Medical practitioners	82,408	98,395	19.4
Nurses and midwives	295,060	333,970	13.2

Data based on Australian Institute of Health and Welfare³ material under a CC-BY 3.0 licence.

^aAllied health professionals include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health practitioners, chiropractors, Chinese medicine practitioners, medical radiation practitioners, occupational therapists, optometrists, osteopaths, pharmacists, physiotherapists, podiatrists and psychologists.

^bDental practitioners include oral health therapists, dental hygienists, dental therapists, dental prosthestists and dentists.

Example of a figure reproduced from a chapter in an edited book

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Figure 2. Pocket Bottles Filled with Alcohol-Based Hand Rub for Hand Hygiene in ICUs

Reproduced from Shultz et al⁴ under a CC-BY 4.0 licence.

Using published data when creating a table or figure

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When creating your own tables and figures from published data (e.g. using data from a report, journal article, book, etc.), a citation and reference list entry is usually sufficient acknowledgement of the source. Depending on how the information is presented, the superscript citation(s) can be included as part of the table or figure, or appear below it. To avoid confusion, superscript citations should not be placed directly after a number in the table or figure, e.g. 216,170 people⁶ not 216,1706⁶

Above the table or figure:

• Write Table or Figure followed by the number and a full stop, in bold (e.g. Table 1. or Figure 1.). Number sequentially according to their order of appearance in the text of your work. If there is only a single table or figure in your paper, label as Table or Figure without the number. Tables and figures are numbered separately.
• Include a brief descriptive title phrase following the table or figure number. The title should be in headline style capitalisation (where each significant word is capitalised) and not in bold.
• Place a line across the width of the table or figure, between the assignment text and the title of the table or figure.

Below the table or figure:

• A legend (if needed) written in sentence format containing information that describes the table or figure beyond the title
• Footnotes may be provided in the legend to give further information about the specific data in a table or figure. The order of the footnotes follows their appearance in the table or figure and uses superscript lowercase letters in alphabetical order (a-z)
• If a citation and footnote follow the same piece of information, give the citation first, followed by a comma and the footnote letter, e.g. Patient characteristics^3,a
• Citations should be numbered according to their appearance in the text, tables or figures. If you have previously cited a source in the text and cite again in the table or figure, repeat with the same number.

Reference list:

• Include a reference list entry for each source cited in the table or figure.

In text:

• Tables and figures should be placed as close as possible to the text discussing it. Refer to the table or figure by its number, e.g. Figure 1 shows the use of alcohol-based hand rub. OR Use of alcohol-based hand rub is important in surgical settings (Figure 1).

Example of a table with information from multiple sources

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Table 3. Indigenous Specific Primary Health Care (PHC) Organisations, by Selected States 2016

State	No. of Indigenous specific organisations5	Total Indigenous population
NSW / ACT	43 (22% of PHC organisations)	216,170 people6
WA	26 (13% of PHC organisations)	75,976 people7

Using your own table or figure

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When you have created your own table or figure to present your own research or data.

Above the table or figure:

• Write Table or Figure followed by the number and a full stop, in bold (e.g. Table 1. or Figure 1.). Number sequentially according to their order of appearance in the text of your work. If there is only a single table or figure in your paper then label as Table or Figure without the number. Tables and figures are numbered separately.
• Include a brief descriptive title phrase following the table or figure number. The title should be in headline style capitalisation (where each significant word is capitalised) and not in bold.
• Place a line across the width of the table or figure, between the assignment text and the title of the table or figure.

Below the table or figure:

• A legend (if needed) written in sentence format containing information that describes the table or figure beyond the title
• Footnotes may be provided in the legend to give further information about the specific data in a table or figure. The order of the footnotes follows their appearance in the table or figure and uses superscript lowercase letters in alphabetical order (a-z).

Reference list:

• No reference list entry required as you are reporting your own research.

In text:

• Tables and figures should be placed as close as possible to the text discussing it. Refer to the table or figure by its number, e.g. Figure 1 shows the use of alcohol-based hand rub. OR Use of alcohol-based hand rub is important in surgical settings (Figure 1).

Example of your own figure

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Figure 3. Therapy Dogs Provide Support to Students

Reference list

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Include a reference list entry for each source.

REFERENCES

1. Cobiac LJ, Tam K, Veerman L, Blakely T. Taxes and subsidies for improving diet and population health in Australia: a cost-effectiveness modelling study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(2):e1002232. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002232
2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cultural Safety in Health Care for Indigenous Australians: Monitoring Framework. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2021. IHW 222. Accessed August 25, 2021. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/cultural-safety-health-care-framework
3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Health workforce. AIHW. July 23, 2020. Updated January 7, 2021. Accessed September 15, 2021. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-workforce
4. Shultz MJ, Dunser MW, Dondorp AM. Development of the guidelines: focus on availability, feasibility, affordability, and safety of interventions in resource-limited settings. In: Dondorp AM, Dunser MW, Shultz MJ, eds. Sepsis Management in Resource-Limited Settings. Springer; 2019:25-30. Accessed September 15, 2021. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03143-5
5. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Specific Primary Health Care: Results from the nKPI and OSR Collections. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2021. IHW 227. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/indigenous-primary-health-care-results-osr-nkpi/what-are-indigenous-specific-primary-health-care-services/organisations
6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016 Census: Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander QuickStats: New South Wales. Australian Bureau of Statistics. October 23, 2017. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/IQS1
7. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016 Census: Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander QuickStats: Western Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. October 23, 2017. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/IQS5

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