IEEE-referencing-printable-guide-UniSkills.pdf

IEEE referencing

Table of Contents

Introduction

IEEE is a numeric style of referencing, predominantly used in electrical engineering, computer science, and other technical fields. It is based on the IEEE Referencing Guide created and managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

This guide is primarily for students completing assignments at Curtin University. If you are publishing (e.g., journal article, PhD), please consult the above publication as the reference examples provided here may differ from the requirements outlined in the official style guide.

What is referencing?

Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information that you have used in your assignments or research, in a way that uniquely identifies the source. It is not only necessary for avoiding plagiarism, but also for supporting your ideas and arguments.

Printable referencing guide

A printable IEEE referencing guide is available on the UniSkills downloads page.

Note on assignment formatting

Please check your unit outline/Blackboard for assignment formatting requirements (such as fonts, headers, spacing, word count etc.) and assignment cover sheets. PhD and Master by research students should consult the relevant publication manual for formatting information. </div>

In-text citations explained

In-text citations are included throughout your writing, to acknowledge the sources of information you have used to build and support your ideas. In the IEEE style, numbers are used to denote in-text citations in your work. Numbers are allocated consecutively to each reference when cited for the first time in the text of the assignment (i.e., the first citation that appears in-text is number one, the next unique citation that appears in-text is number 2 and so on). This number becomes the unique identifier of that source and if the source is cited again in-text, the same number is used.

IEEE uses numbers in square brackets in-text, e.g., [1], [2], [3]. Grammatically, these numbers can be used as footnotes or as nouns.

Examples:

Footnote numbers

The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1].

Smith [2] has argued …

Several recent studies [1], [3], [4], [10], [12] have suggested…

Nouns

As seen in [2] …

According to [4] and [6]-[8] …

In contrast to [5, p. 7], it is evident that …

Quoting

Quoting is when you copy the exact words from another source into your work.

Include the relevant page inside the square brackets after the citation number, a comma, and a space.
If quoting a range of pages, include the range in the square brackets separated by a hyphen, after the citation number, a comma, and a space.
If a source you’re quoting does not contain page numbers, like a website, you are not expected to include page numbers.

Examples:

“Primary energy demand is mainly satisfied by fossil fuels, which has pushed them to the brink of depletion” [1, p. 64].

Deshmukh [1, p. 64] states “primary energy demand is mainly satisfied by fossil fuels…”

As seen in [1, p. 64], “primary energy demand is mainly satisfied by fossil fuels…”

OR, for a range

“Primary energy demand is mainly satisfied by fossil fuels, which has pushed them to the brink of depletion. To decelerate the fast depletion of mineral sources of fuels, it is crucial to seek alternative resources that are renewable and sustainable in nature.” [1, pp. 64-65].

Multiple authors

If a source has two authors and you want to use an author prominent citation, include both authors. If a source has three or more authors, the first author should be named, followed by et al. This would then be followed by the citation number.

Examples:

As outlined by Amador-Perez and Rodriguez-Solis [2] …

Jahn et al. [3] states …

Multiple sources

When citing multiple sources, include separate citation numbers for each source. These can also be grouped as a range if the citation numbers are consecutive.

Examples:

Both [3] and [5] discuss the need for emergency backup power sources.

Power system blackouts can be caused in many varied ways. [3-5]

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)

Before using GenAI tools in your assessment, check the unit outline or assessment guidelines, or speak with your unit coordinator to confirm whether GenAI use is permitted. </div>

If you use a GenAI tool, such as ChatGPT, Claude, or Copilot, when completing an assessment, it is recommended to declare your use. Additionally, if you have used GenAI to create content that you include in your work, you must reference this use as a source of information.

Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging sources such as books, articles, and websites to show that your work is based on credible evidence. GenAI must be cited if used as an information source. This is required in the same way as any other information you include in your work that comes from an external source.

It is important to understand that AI-generated content is considered a non-recoverable source. This means that the content produced is usually not accessible to anyone other than the person who generated it. Unless the GenAI tool provides a shareable link to the chat, other people cannot be directed to the exact location where the content was created. This makes it difficult to verify claims in the same way as traditional sources.

GenAI tools are also not considered scholarly sources at this time. Their responses are created from large training datasets, and the original source of the information is often unknown. For this reason, GenAI outputs should be used with care in academic work.

If the GenAI text discusses theories or specific ideas, you should include additional sources to support them with scholarly research.

If you are allowed to use GenAI in your work, it is good practice to include:

A written declaration

You should follow your Unit Coordinator’s instructions or use the Library’s declaration template to clearly explain how GenAI supported your work. You may also wish to include the prompts you used as a list or by sharing a link to the chat.

An in-text citation and reference list entry

This is required if the generated text has been quoted, paraphrased or summarised in your written work.

Referencing

AI-generated content is treated as an unpublished private communication in the IEEE style. It should be cited in-text and correspond to an entry in the reference list.

In-text citation

Assign a number in square brackets, as you would with any other in-text citation. For example, an information prominent citation would be:

[2].

And an author prominent citation would be:

According to ChatGPT [2]…

If quoting

Use quotation marks to distinguish between your own words and the words generated by the tool:

Both Macs and PCs are widely used in households throughout Australia; and while the debate over which one is better continues “both platforms have evolved, and the gap between them has narrowed in terms of hardware and software capabilities” [2].

Reference list

Reference components

[Source citation number] Name of tool used, “Prompt”, date, abbreviated Month. year.

**Example** [2] ChatGPT, "Are Macs better than PCs?", 30 Nov. 2023.

</div> Reference list format

Author variations

The author variations below apply to all reference types (books, journal articles, websites, etc.).

For reference list entries:

The given name of the author or editor is abbreviated to the initial only, followed by a full stop, a space, and the surname (last name), e.g. Jane Smith appears as J. Smith
If a middle name or initial is included, it appears after the first initial with a space in between, e.g., J. A. Smith
Include a comma after each author and use the word ‘and’ before the last author’s name (e.g., J. Smith, A. Taylor, and K. Mason). There is a variation to this for more than six authors.
Do not use commas around Jr., Sr., and III in names, e.g., J. Smith Jr.; R. J. Taylor Sr.; D. Clements II.
List authors in the order they appear on the source you are referencing.

No author

If no personal author is given, check to see if an organisation has acted as the author. Where there are no authors and you are sure that your source is credible, use the title of the work in place of the author in the reference list.

Reference examples

Organisation as author

[1]	United Nations Development Programme. “UN-Energy.” UNDP.org. Accessed: Jan. 8, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.undp.org/energy/change-network/un-energy

Title of work in place of the author

[1]	“Tonnes of cargo wash up on NSW beaches after stricken ship sheds load.” heraldsun.com.au. Accessed Jan. 9, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/tonnes-of-cargo-wash-up-on-nsw-beaches-after-stricken-ship-sheds-load/news-story/4a0e4744d4e1c0c8614c2347591b81bb

One to six authors

List all names in the order they are given. Separate each name by a comma, and type and before the last name.

Reference example

[1]	R. Fowler, O. Elmhirst and J. Richards, “Electrification in the United Kingdom: A Case Study Based on Future Energy Scenarios,” IEEE Power and Energy Mag., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 48-57, July-Aug. 2018. doi: 10.1109/MPE.2018.2822864.

More than six authors

If there are more than six authors, use the first author’s name followed by et al.

Reference example

[1]	C. Breyer et al., “On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 78176-78218, Jul. 2022. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402

Datasets and data sheets

Dataset

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s), Surname, abbreviated Month Day, Year of publication, “Title of Dataset,” distributed by Publisher/Distributor, URL or DOI.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|S. Savazzi, Aug. 2021, "mmWave RIMO radar dataset for testing," distributed by IEEE Dataport, Federated Learning, doi: 10.21227/0wmc-hq36.| **Style notes** * If there are several dates given, use the **issued date**. * If a country is named in the title of the dataset, use an abbreviation, e.g., Aus. for Australia, USA for United States of America. * The title of the dataset is written in headline style capitalisation (each significant word is capitalised). * Do not end with a period if the URL is used instead of the DOI. * Include a full stop after the abbreviated month.

Data sheet

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Company Name, “Title of Data sheet,” Data Sheet number, Date of Publication [Revised date]

**Reference example** Texas Instruments, "High speed CMOS logic analog multiplexers/demultiplexers," 74HC4051, Nov. 1997 [Revised Sept. 2002]. **Style notes** * The word **Revised** must be included in the square brackets before the revised date.

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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Title of MSDS/SDS in Italics; Number of MSDS/SDS [Print or Online]; Name of Manufacturing Company: Location of Company, Date of Publication, URL (accessed abbreviated month. day, year).

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|_Hydrofluoric Acid 48-51% p.a, ACS_; SDS No. 000000020540 [Online]; ChemSupply: Gillman, South Australia, Nov. 6, 2017, https://shop.chemsupply.com.au/documents/66156_SDS.pdf (accessed Dec. 18, 2023).| **Style notes** * Only include **Print** _or_ **Online** inside the square brackets. * Include the word **accessed** inside the brackets before the date.

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Conference papers

Papers in print

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conference., location of conference (optional), Month and day(s) if provided, year, page range.

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|L. M. Quinn, H. H. Zeng and Y. P. Liang, "Research development on constructed wetlands," in _2014 2nd Int. Conf. Energy Eng. and Environ. Eng._, Hong Kong, China, Jan. 10-11, pp. 388-393.| {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[2]|A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, "Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE," in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp.4301–4304.| **Style notes** * When abbreviating the name of the conference, leave out prepositions such as "of the" or "on". For example, _Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference_ becomes _Proc. 1996 Robot. Automat. Conf._ See the [IEEE abbreviations](#referencing-ieee-abbreviations) page for more information. * If the year is given in the conference title, it does not need to be included at the end of the reference. * Use the numerical form of an ordinal number instead of spelling it out, e.g., use "1st" not "First". * All published conference papers will have page numbers. * If the paper has an editor, include their name after the _Abbreviated Name of Conference._, with **Ed(s)** after the Surname.

Online papers

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conference., location of conference (optional), year, page range (if provided), doi:

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|A. Padon, B. Punson, P. Iamtrakul and J. Klaylee, "The study on association between urban green space and temperature changes in mega city," in _2020 Int. Conf. Utility Exhib. Energy, Environ. Climate Change_, Thailand, doi: 10.1109/ICUE49301.2020.9307077| **Style notes** * When abbreviating the name of the conference, leave out prepositions such as "of the" or "on". For example, _Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference_ becomes _Proc. 1996 Robot. Automat. Conf._ See the [IEEE abbreviations](#referencing-ieee-abbreviations) page for more information. * If the year is given in the conference title, it does not need to be included at the end of the reference. * Use the numerical form of an ordinal number instead of spelling it out, e.g., use "1st" not "First". * Include the location if it is provided. It can be omitted if it has not been given. * All published conference papers will have page numbers. * If the paper has an editor, include their name after the _Abbreviated Name of Conference._, with **Ed(s)** after the Surname.

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Presented at a conference (unpublished)

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of paper,” presented at the Abbreviated name of Conference in italics, City of Conference, Abbrev. State, Country, Month and day(s), year, Paper number (if provided), page range.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|M. Ge and J. Li, "STEM intervention strategies: Sowing the seeds for more women in STEM" presented at the _28th Annu. Conf. AAEE_, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Dec. 10-13, 2017, pp. 254-262.| **Style notes** * When abbreviating the name of the conference, leave out prepositions such as "of the" or "on". For example, _Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference_ becomes _Proc. 1996 Robot. Automat. Conf._ See the [IEEE abbreviations](#referencing-ieee-abbreviations) page for more information. * Use the numerical form of an ordinal number instead of spelling it out, e.g., use "1st" not "First". * If the year is given in the conference title, it does not need to be included at the end of the reference.

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Reports and standards

Government or organisation report

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname, “Title of report,” Abbreviated Name of Company or Institution., City, State, Country, Report Number, date. [Online]. Available: URL

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|R. J. Hijmans, R. Bivand, E. Pebesma and M. D. Sumner, "Terra: Spatial data analysis," R Package Version 2.0-12, Dec. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/terra/index.html | {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[2]|Department of Industry, Science and Resources, "National quantum strategy," Australia, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-05/national-quantum-strategy.pdf| **Style notes** * If the report is in print, i.e. not online, replace the date with just the year, and leave out the **[Online]** and **Available: URL** components.

Standards online

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Title of Standard in Italics, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. [Online]. Available: URL

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|_Amusement rides and devices_, AS 3533.1, Standards Australia, Dec. 5 1997. [Online]. Available: https://www.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/as/as3000/3500/35331.pdf| **Style notes** * If not online, leave out the **[Online]** and **Available: URL** components. * The month and/or day can be left out if they aren't known.

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Manuals and software

Online manual

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Abbreviated Name of Company., City of Company, State, Country. Name of Manual/Handbook in Italics, edition number ed. (year). Accessed: Month. Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|Totem Mech. for Beginners, Vilnius, Lithuania. _T-Rex Assembly Guide Young Engineer Kit_, 1st ed. (2019). Accessed: Dec. 19, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/2064330/Totem-T-Rex.html?page=2#manual| **Style notes** * If there are several dates given, use the **issued date**. * Use an abbreviation for the name of the country. * If the manual has an author rather than a company use the components below: {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[Source citation number]| Author's initial(s). Surname, _Name of Manual/Handbook in Italics_, edition number ed. (year). Accessed: Month Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL|

Print manual

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Name of Manual/Handbook in Italics, edition number in italics ed., Abbreviated name of Company., City of Company., State, Country, year, pp. page range.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|_Microsoft Office 97 Visual Basic Programmer's Guide_, _Microsoft Professional Editions Series_, Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA, 1997.| **Style notes** * If there are several dates given, use the **issued date**. * Use an abbreviation for the name of the country. * If the manual has an edition title instead of an edition number include the title in italics, as seen in the example above.

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Software

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname. Title of Software in Italics. Date Repository or Archive. (version or year). Publisher Name. Accessed: Date (if applicable). [Type of Medium]. Global Persistent Identifier. Available: site/path/file

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|D. W. Arning et al. Mixed Mode–Mixed Level Circuit Simulator. (2011). Ngspice. Accessed: Jan.11, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://ngspice.sourceforge.net| {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[2]|MathWorks. _MATLAB Online_. Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://au.mathworks.com/products/matlab-online.html| **Style notes** * IEEE follows the FORCE11 Software Citation Principles. For more specific information on software reference details see the Software section of the [IEEE Reference Guide](https://journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/IEEE_Reference_Guide.pdf)

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Books

Entire book

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, Title of the Book in Italics, # ed. City of Publisher, State (USA only), Country: Abbreviation of Publisher, year, chapter number ch. #, section number sec. # (if provided), page range pp. ###-###.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|S. A. Nasar, _Electric Machines and Power Systems_, International ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp. 55-73.| **Style notes** * If the author(s) of the book are listed as 'editors', include **Ed(s).** after all of the author(s) names. * If the book chapter does not have a title, go straight to the title of the book after the author(s), leaving out the word 'in'. * Only include the publisher's State if the item was published in the USA. * If the edition of the item is not listed, place a full stop after the title of the book, and proceed to city of publisher. * Provide page numbers if you have quoted the source.

Chapter in an edited book

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of chapter in the book”, in Title of the Book in Italics, editor initial(s). editor surname, Ed., City of Publisher, State (USA only), Country: Abbreviation of Publisher, year, pp. ###-###.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|R. G. Deshmukh, "Energy storing devices for sustainable environment", in _Smart Electrical Grid System_, K. Arora, S. L. Tripathi and S. Padmanaban, Eds., Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, 2022, pp. 53-70| **Style notes** * If the author(s) of the book are listed as 'editors', include **Ed(s).** after all of the author/s names. * Only include the publisher's State if the item was published in the USA. * If the edition of the item is not listed, place a full stop after the title of the book, and proceed to city of publisher. * Provide page numbers if you have quoted the source.

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eBook

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of chapter in the book.” in Title of the Book in Italics, # ed. City of Publisher, State (USA only), Country: Abbreviation of Publisher, year, ch. #, sec. #, pp. ###-###. [Online]. Available: URL doi: (if available).

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|M.G. Simoes, _Artificial Intelligence for Smarter Power Systems: Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks_, UK: Inst. of Eng. and Tech, 2021, pp. 37-63. [Online]. doi: 10.1049/PBPO161E| **Style notes** * All references end with a full stop, unless the reference ends with a URL. * If a reference contains both a URL and a DOI, list both and end with the DOI. * If the author(s) of the book are listed as 'editors', include **Ed(s).** after all of the author/s names. * If the book chapter does not have a title, go straight to the title of the book after the author(s), leaving out the word 'in'. * Only include the publisher's State if the item was published in the USA. * If the edition of the item is not listed, place a full stop after the title of the book, and proceed to city of publisher. * Provide page numbers if you have quoted the source.

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Thesis

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of thesis,” [Doctoral dissertation or Master’s thesis], Abbreviated Dept., Abbreviated Univ., City of Univ., Abbreviated State, year. [Online]. Available: URL

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|J. Darbyshire, "Multi-function power electronic interface for hybrid mini-grid systems," [Master's thesis], School of Elec. and Comp. Eng., Curtin Univ., Perth, WA, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/2394 | **Style notes** * All references end with a full stop, unless the reference ends with a URL. * If published in the USA, and the state name is included in the name of university, do not include the separate state abbreviation in the reference. * If the thesis has been accessed in print form, i.e. not online, do not include the **[Online]** or the **Available: URL** in the reference list entry.

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Journals

Journal article

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname, “Name of paper,” Abbreviated Title of Journal in italics., vol. volume number, no. issue number, pp. page range, abbreviated month. year, doi:

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|W. Jahn, J. L. Urban and G. Rein, "Climate change: Could there be more electricity blackouts in the future?," _IEEE Power and Energy Mag._, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 16-27, Jan./Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2021.3122755 | **Style notes** * If there is no month of publication available, place a comma after the page range and then the year. * If there is no DOI associated with the article, use **[Online]. Available: URL** after the **year** where the DOI would normally go in the reference. * To reference an article that has been accepted or scheduled for publication use the components **Author, Name of paper, and the abbreviated title of the journal** followed by **to be published** as shown below: E.H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," _IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag._, to be published. * If a paper has been submitted for publication but hasn't been accepted use **submitted for publication** instead of **to be published**.

IEEE Transactions journals

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname, “Name of paper,” IEEE Trans. Abbreviated Title of Journal in Italics., vol. volume number, no. issue number, page range, abbreviated month. year, doi:

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|C. Gerlein-Safdi, P. Kohler, S. Wang, M. Flanner, G. Keppel-Aleks and C. Frankenburg, "Algae blooms on the Greenland ice sheet detected through solar-induced fluorescence," _IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sens._, vol. 61, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2023.3305194 | **Style notes** * If there is no month of publication available, place a comma after the page range and then the year. * If there is no DOI associated with the article, use **[Online]. Available: URL** after the **year** where the DOI would normally go in the reference. * To reference an article that has been accepted or scheduled for publication use the components **Author, Name of paper, and the abbreviated title of the journal** followed by **to be published** as shown below: E.H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," _IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag._, to be published. * If a paper has been submitted for publication but hasn't been accepted use **submitted for publication** instead of **to be published**.

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Websites and social media

Websites

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname, “Title of page.” Site Name. Accessed: abbreviated Month. Day, Year. [Online.] Available: URL

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|M. Clarke, "Human-robot teamwork makes the dream work." CSIRO.au. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/Articles/2022/October/collaborative-intelligence | {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[2]|CSIRO, "Satellite calibration and validation." CSIRO.au. Accessed Jan. 10, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://www.csiro.au/en/research/technology-space/astronomy-space/Calval| **Style notes** * Don't place a full stop after URLs. * For a page with two or more authors, list all authors as they appear on the site. Separate each name with a comma and include **and** before the last name. * If the website does not list an author you can use the name of the organisation instead.

Social media

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname, “Title of post.” Site Name. Accessed: abbreviated Month. Day, Year. [Online.] Available: URL

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|P. Bruce, "Nothing is ever by default "good enough" tomorrow, only possibly good enough today." X. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://twitter.com/paulsbruce/status/1321044861898919938| {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[2]|IEEE TryEngineering, "Dark matter day 2023." Facebook. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://www.facebook.com/TryEngineering.org/| **Style notes** * If referencing a tweet of 25 words or less, include the full tweet as the **Title of post**. * For informal websites such as home page or fan websites, or websites without formal titles, use a descriptive phrase in place of the site name. * Don't place a full stop after URLs. * For a page with two or more authors, list all authors as they appear on the site. Separate each name with a comma and include **and** before the last name.

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YouTube or streaming video

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Video owner/Creator, Location (if available). Title of Video in Italics. (Release Date). Accessed: Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: URL

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|The Global Power System Transformation Consortium, USA. _New IEEE Standards Development for Distributed Energy Resources_. (Nov. 11, 2022). Accessed: Dec. 16, 2023. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwAbcSWRMaA | {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[2]|A. Hajimiri, Canada. _How wireless energy from space could power everything_. (Apr. 2023). Accessed: Dec. 16, 2023. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.ted.com/talks/ali_hajimiri_how_wireless_energy_from_space_could_power_everything?language=en | **Style notes** * For informal websites such as home page or fan websites, or websites without formal titles, use a descriptive phrase in place of the site name. * Don't place a full stop after URLs. * For a page with two or more authors, list all authors as they appear on the site. Separate each name with a comma and include **and** before the last name.

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Patents

Print

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author’s initial(s). Surname, “Title of patent,” name of country Patent and patent number, abbreviated Month. Day, Year.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|G. J. Su, "Electric vehicle system for charging and supplying electrical power," USA Patent US7733039B2, Sept. 21, 2007.| **Style notes** * If there are several dates given, use the **issued date**. * Use an abbreviation for the name of the country.

Online

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Name of the invention, by inventor’s initial(s). Surname. (year, month day). Patent number [Online]. Available: site/path/file.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|Controlled cooling of an electronic system for reduced energy consumption, by M. P. David, M. K. Iyengar and R. R. Schmidt. (2018, Jan. 30). US9879926B2 [Online]. Available: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/9879926 |

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Indigenous Knowledges

Indigenous knowledges are those which are held and continuously developed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia or other First Nations people globally. IP Australia (2021) defines two distinct areas:

Cultural Expressions - including language, stories, songlines, music, performance, visual arts, crafts, architecture, designs and symbols
Knowledge - including know-how, practices, skills and innovations, often related but not limited to agricultural, scientific, technical, ecological, medicinal and biodiversity-related knowledge.

How this information is referenced depends on how you have accessed it.

Published sources

Indigenous authored

If you have read a book or journal article, watched a YouTube video or listened to a podcast created by an Indigenous person, follow the guidelines provided in this guide to create your in-text citation and reference list entry according to the source type.

Non-Indigenous authored

Indigenous knowledge may be communicated by non-Indigenous authors. Wherever possible, the author, the Indigenous person, and the appropriate community or language group should be referenced within your narrative and then assigned a citation number which links to an entry in your reference list entry according to the source type.

Non-published sources

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have an oral tradition, meaning their knowledges, beliefs and customs are passed down verbally or through other cultural expressions. If the information has been communicated with you directly (e.g. you have spoken to an Indigenous person directly) and you have permission to use it in your work, follow the guidelines for referencing a Private communication source, but also include the Indigenous community or language group, if known.

Unpublished

Unpublished sources includes private communications and papers still in preparation. Private communications includes emails, text messages, online chats, letters, memos, personal (unpublished) interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches etc. Private communications may not be acceptable to include in your assignment – please check with your lecturer/tutor before doing so.

Private communication

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, private communication, abbreviated Month Day, Year.

**Reference examples** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|K. F. Taylor, private communication, Jun., 2017.| **Style notes** * If referencing a non-published Indigenous source include the Indigenous community or language group after the Surname, if known.

Papers in preparation

Reference components

[Source citation number]

Author initial(s). Surname, “Title of paper,” unpublished.

**Reference example** {: .table .table-borderless .w-100 style="word-wrap:normal; word-break:normal;"} |[1]|K. Smith, "An approach to graphs of linear forms," unpublished.| **Style notes** * To reference an article that has been accepted or scheduled for publication use the components **Author, Name of paper, and the abbreviated title of the journal** followed by **to be published** as shown below: E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," _IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag._, to be published. * If a paper has been submitted for publication but hasn't been accepted use **submitted for publication** instead of **to be published**.

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Reference list example

References

[1]	United Nations Development Programme. “UN-Energy.” UNDP.org. Accessed: Jan. 8, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.undp.org/energy/change-network/un-energy
[2]	“Tonnes of cargo wash up on NSW beaches after stricken ship sheds load.” heraldsun.com.au. Accessed Jan. 9, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/tonnes-of-cargo-wash-up-on-nsw-beaches-after-stricken-ship-sheds-load/news-story/4a0e4744d4e1c0c8614c2347591b81bb
[3]	R. Fowler, O. Elmhirst and J. Richards, “Electrification in the United Kingdom: A case study based on future energy scenarios,” IEEE Power and Energy Mag., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 48-57, July-Aug. 2018. doi: 10.1109/MPE.2018.2822864.
[4]	C. Breyer, et al., “On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 78176-78218, Jul. 2022. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402.
[5]	S. Savazzi, Aug. 2021, “mmWave RIMO Radar Dataset for Testing,” IEEE Dataport, Federated Learning, doi: 10.21227/0wmc-hq36.
[6]	Texas Instruments, “High speed CMOS logic analog multiplexers/demultiplexers,” 74HC4051, Nov. 1997 [Revised Sept. 2002].
[7]	Hydrofluoric Acid 48-51% p.a, ACS; SDS No. 000000020540 [Online]; ChemSupply: Gillman, South Australia, Nov. 6, 2017, https://shop.chemsupply.com.au/documents/66156_SDS.pdf (accessed Dec. 18, 2023).
[8]	L. M. Quinn, H. H. Zeng and Y. P. Liang, “Research development on constructed wetlands,” in 2014 2nd Int. Conf. Energy Eng. and Environ. Eng., Hong Kong, China, Jan. 10-11, pp. 388-393.
[9]	A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp.4301–4304.
[10]	A. Padon, B. Punson, P. Iamtrakul and J. Klaylee, “The study on association between urban green space and temperature changes in mega city,” in 2020 Int. Conf. Utility Exhib. Energy, Environ. Climate Change, Thailand, doi: 10.1109/ICUE49301.2020.9307077.
[11]	M. Ge and J. Li, “STEM intervention strategies: Sowing the seeds for more women in STEM” presented at the 28th Annu. Conf. AAEE, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Dec. 10-13 2017, pp. 254-262.
[12]	R. J. Hijmans, R. Bivand, E. Pebesma and M.D. Sumner, “Terra: Spatial data analysis,” R Package Version 2.0-12, Dec. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/terra/index.html
[13]	Department of Industry, Science and Resources, “National quantum strategy,” Australia, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-05/national-quantum-strategy.pdf
[14]	Amusement rides and devices, AS 3533.1, Standards Australia, Dec. 5, 1997. [Online]. Available: https://www.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/as/as3000/3500/35331.pdf
[15]	S. Bandyopadhyay, “Conceptual design of the Lunar Crater Radio Telescope (LCRT) on the far side of the moon,” in 2021 IEEE Aerosp. Conf. (50100), USA, doi: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438165.

Tables & figures

These instructions for referencing tables and figures are primarily for students completing assignments at Curtin University. They are not intended for those who are publishing their work and making it publicly available (e.g. PhD thesis, journal article, blog, webpage, YouTube video etc.). When publishing and making your work publicly available, written permission to reproduce tables and figures must be obtained from the copyright holder. More information is available from Copyright at Curtin. </div>

What are tables and figures?

Tables are numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns.
Figures include all types of illustrations or images (chart, map, graph, photograph, drawing etc.) other than a table.

See below for referencing examples for tables and figures.

Adapting or reproducing a published table

When you are adapting (altering from the original) or reproducing (directly copying) a table from another source in your work.

Above the table:

Write TABLE followed by the number, in bold. For example TABLE 1. If you have more than one table in your assignment, number them sequentially in the order that they appear.
Give each table an explanatory title. This title should be written with headline style capitalisation (where each significant word is capitalised), and have no full stop.
Include the source citation number in square brackets after the title of the table.

Reference list:

Include an entry for the source of the table (journal article, book, website, etc.) in the reference list. Follow the instructions in the IEEE referencing guide.LINK
You may need to include a list of the table and figures used in your assignment along with your referencing list. Ask your lecturer or tutor if this is required.

In text:

In the text of your assignment, you can either refer to the table by its number, e.g. as seen in Table 1, or by its citation number, in square brackets, as you would any other source.

Example:

TABLE 1 Radio frequency gain (measured in dbi) with reduced mesh spacing for 1km diameter reflector [15]

	3 MHz	6 MHz	10 MHz	20 MHz	30 MHz
Ideal reflector	28.7	34.7	39.2	45.2	48.7
Gap of 1m	28.7	34.6	38.7	43.6	45.7
Gap of 2m	28.5	34.0	37.3	40.1	40.9

Adapting or reproducing a published figure

When you are adapting (altering from the original) or reproducing (directly copying) a figure from another source in your work.

Below the figure:

Write Fig. followed by the number in bold. For example, Fig. 1. If you have more than one figure in your assignment, number them sequentially in the order that they appear.
Give each figure a caption briefly explaining what it is depicting.
Include the source citation number in square brackets after the caption.

Reference list:

Include an entry for the source of the figure (journal article, book, website, etc.) in the reference list. Follow the instructions in the IEEE referencing guide.
You may need to include a list of the table and figures used in your assignment along with your referencing list. Ask your lecturer or tutor if this is required.

In text:

In the text of your assignment, you can either refer to the figure by its number, e.g. as seen in Fig. 1, or by its citation number, in square brackets, as you would any other source.

Example:

Example figure. Concept art from a conference paper.

Fig. 1 Concept art of a Lunar Crater Radio Telescope (LCRT) on the far side of the moon [15]

Using your own table

Above the table:

Write TABLE followed by the number, in bold. For example TABLE 2. If you have more than one table in your assignment, number them sequentially in the order that they appear.
Give each table an explanatory title. This title should be written with headline style capitalisation (where each significant word is capitalised), and have no full stop.
No citation number is required.

Reference list:

No reference list entry is required as you are reporting your own research.

In text

In the text of your assignment, refer to the table by its number, such as as seen in table 2.

Using your own figure

Below the figure:

Write Fig. followed by the number in bold. For example, Fig. 2. If you have more than one figure in your assignment, number them sequentially in the order that they appear.
Give each figure a caption briefly explaining what it is depicting.

Reference list:

No reference list entry is required as you are reporting your own research.

In text

In the text of your assignment, refer to the figure by its number, such as as seen in Fig. 2.

Abbreviations

In the reference list, you are required to abbreviate certain information. The IEEE provides a list of standard abbreviations, some of which are list below. The IEEE Reference Guide provides further information.

Common words

There are many common words that should be abbreviated within your reference list. For a full list, refer to useful abbreviations in references list in the IEEE referencing guide. IEEE also has a table of abbreviations for magazine titles. Below is a table of some of the abbreviated common words:

Aeronautics	Aeronaut.	Imaging	Imag.
American	Amer.	Information	Inf.
Applications/Applied	Appl.	Innovation	Innov.
Australasian	Australas.	Institute	Inst.
Automation	Automat.	Integrated	Integr.
Bureau	Bur.	International	Int.
Conversion	Convers.	Journal	J.
Cybernetics	Cybern.	Language	Lang.
Department	Dept.	Magazine	Mag.
Distribute/Distributed	Distrib.	Manufacturing	Manuf.
Dynamics	Dyn.	Military	Mil.
Electrical	Elect.	National	Nat.
Engineering	Eng.	Particle	Part.
Experimental	Exp.	Patent	Pat.
Faculty	Fac.	Proceedings	Proc.
Hydraulics	Hydraul.	Quarterly	Quart.

Months

Whenever you are required to include the name a month in your reference it should be abbreviated.

The IEEE abbreviations for each month are: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May., Jun., Jul., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec.

If a journal is issued every two months, the two months are separated by a slash: Jan./Feb. 2020

If a journal is issued every four months, use a dash in between the first and last month: Sept.-Dec. 2020

Conference proceedings

When referencing conference papers, common words (including conference terms) should be abbreviated, and written numbers should be changed to a numerical representation. If provided, acronyms should be used and articles and prepositions (such as ‘of the’ and ‘on’) should be removed.

Examples:

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD) becomes Proc. 16th Int. Conf. NUSOD

IEEE International Conference on Communications becomes IEEE Int. Conf. Commun.

Fifth Annual International Conference on Engineering and Technology becomes 5th Annu. Int. Conf. Eng. Tech.

Below is a table of common conference abbreviations:

Annals	Ann.
Annual	Annu.
Colloquium	Colloq.
Conference	Conf.
Convention	Conv.
International	Int.
Proceedings	Proc.
Record	Rec.
Symposium	Symp.

Theses/dissertation

When referencing a thesis or dissertation, you should abbreviate the name of the University using the correct abbreviation, as well as the name of the school or department. See the common words abbreviations for department or school names.

If the thesis or dissertation is from the United States, the state should be included and abbreviated.

Examples:

Curtin University becomes Curtin Univ.

Edith Cowan University becomes ECU

Murdoch University becomes Murdoch Univ.

University of Western Australia becomes UWA

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