Chicago 18th Author-Date

Table of Contents

Introduction

Chicago 18th Author-Date is an author-date referencing style used across a broad range of subject areas. It is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition.

This guide is primarily for students completing assignments at Curtin University. If you are publishing (e.g. journal article, PhD), please consult the above manual, as the examples provided here may differ slightly from the requirements outlined in the official style guide.

What is referencing?

Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information that you have used in your assignments or research, in a way that uniquely identifies the source. It is not only necessary for avoiding plagiarism, but also for supporting your ideas and arguments.

Printable referencing guide

A printable Chicago 18th Author-Date referencing guide is available on the UniSkills downloads page.

In-text citations

In-text citations are included throughout your writing to acknowledge the sources of information you have used to build and support your ideas. They briefly identify a work by its author and year of publication and direct readers to a reference list entry with the full details of the source. In-text citations are required for paraphrasing, quoting and summarising. Additional locator information, such as a page number or other identifier may also be included after the year, if required.

Types of in-text citations

In-text citations can be presented in two ways:

Format of in-text citations

The following examples demonstrate how to create in-text citations based on the number of authors and other relevant factors.

Number of authors to include for in-text citations

The format of the authors in the in-text citation changes according to the number of authors for the work.

• For a work with one or two authors, include the author(s) name in every in-text citation
• For a work with three or more authors, include the name of the first author, followed by et al. (meaning and others) in all citations
• For works with no author see No author on the Reference list page.

Author	Information prominent	Author prominent
One or two authors	(Smith 2020). (Smith and Jones 2020, 6).	According to Smith (2020, 6)… Smith and Jones (2020, 6) highlighted this…
Three or more authors	(Thomas et al. 2018, 23).	Thomas et al. (2018, 23) recommends…
Organisation as author	(World Health Organization 2018, para. 5).	World Health Organization (2018, para. 5) state…
Organisation with optional abbreviation	First citation: (World Health Organization [WHO] 2018). Subsequent citations: (WHO 2018).	First citation: World Health Organization (WHO 2018) have… Subsequent citations: WHO (2018) mentions…

Other in-text citation scenarios

Multiple sources within the same citation

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When including multiple sources to support a particular point in your writing or demonstrate a consensus:

• Include all sources in the same set of brackets. You can choose to order these names alphabetically by author, chronologically by date of publication, or by importance, whichever best supports your work
• Separate the citations with semicolons
• Include a reference list entry for each source.

In-text citation example: Multiple sources

There is an established consensus that the current trend towards a warming climate is directly linked to human activity (Hegerl 1996, 12; Levitus et al. 2017, 4; NASA, n.d., 54; Santer et al. 2003, 42).

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When including multiple sources by the same author(s) in the same citation:

• Include the author, followed by the years in chronological order (from the oldest to the newest), separated by a comma
• If including page numbers, separate with a semi-colon
• Include a reference list entry for each source.

In-text citation example: Multiple sources by the same author(s)

(Smith et al. 2019, 2023, 2025)

With page numbers:

(Wong 1999, 328; 2000, 475)

Multiple works by the same author(s) published in the same year

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• Add a, b, c and so on after the year to differentiate works by the same author(s) published in the same year
• Order alphabetically by the title of the work in the reference list

In-text citation examples: With a date

(Clarke and Fawcett 2014b).

OR

Clarke and Fawcett (2014a) suggest that…

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In-text citation examples: No date

(DevelopmentWA, n.d.-a).

OR

DevelopmentWA (n.d.-b) highlight…

Different first authors with the same surname

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If referring to two or more publications where the primary (first) authors have the same surname, include the first author’s initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs.

In-text citation examples:

(B. Johnson 2015, 6). OR According to B. Johnson (2015, 6)…

(M. Johnson et al. 2016, 22). OR M. Johnson et al. (2016, 22) states…

Authors citing other authors

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Academic content such as books and journal articles will often contain a lot of citations. When do you need to give credit to the original author (primary source)? Cite the original author when:

• They are quoted by your source (the secondary source)
• When a specific study is discussed in the secondary source and you reproduce findings or arguments from that study without accessing the primary source

When citing a secondary source:

• The in-text citation should include author details and the year from the primary source, as well as the author, year of publication and page/paragraph number from the secondary source
• Only the secondary source is included in the reference list

In-text citation examples:

…“event in nature or in society” (Blaikie et al. 1994, as quoted by Maldonado et al. 2013, 602).

OR

Lazrus (2012, as quoted by Maldonado et al. 2013, 610) outlines the exemptions for certain populations.

Quoting

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Quoting is when you copy the exact words (including spelling and punctuation) from another source into your work. Check out Integrating sources: Quoting for information and examples.

Short quotations (40 words or less)

• Short quotations should be run in (incorporated) within the text
• Place quotation marks around the quote
• In-text citation includes author, year of publication and page number or other identifier

Quoting examples:

According to Palladino and Wade (2010, 147), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind.”

OR

In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino and Wade 2010, 147).

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Long quotations (40 words or more)

Use a freestanding block of text which:

• Starts on a new line
• Is indented from the left margin
• Does not include quotation marks

Your in-text citation will appear in brackets after the final punctuation mark and will include the author, year of publication, and page number or other identifier (note: there is no punctuation mark after the in-text citation).

Page numbers and other identifiers

Page numbers are used in in-text citations to pinpoint the specific location within a source that you are referring to, especially when you are quoting. It helps the reader locate the exact information you are citing, making it easier for them to verify your claims or consult the source directly. The Chicago style recommends the use of page numbers when:

• Quoting directly from a source
• Referring to a specific idea, section or point in a source.

Note: As there is flexibility with the inclusion of page numbers or other identifiers when referring to specific ideas, sections or other point in a source, it is advisable to check with your tutor.

If page numbers are not available, include another identifier such as a paragraph number, chapter number, section number or heading.

Identifier	Example
Page number	(Thomas et al. 2018, 23).
Paragraph number	(World Health Organization 2025, para. 3).
Chapter or section number	(Gay and Simnett 2018, chap. 8.2).
Section heading	(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2024, under “Education and Employment”).
Timestamp (Audiovisual material) Use the format: HH:MM:SS	(Ellis 2017, at 0:25-9). (Miller 2015, at 1:12:19-41).
Slide number	(Richardson 2015, slide 9).

Reference lists

The reference list provides the full details of the sources you have cited in your work. Reference list entries usually consist of four elements: author, date, title and source.

Authors

The author variations below apply to all reference types (books, journal articles, websites, etc.).

• All author names (first, middle and last names) are listed in full except when only the author initials are provided.
• When there are two or more authors, the first author’s name is inverted with the Surname appearing first, followed by the first and middle names, if given. All subsequent author names are listed in the format of First Name Surname. For example: Smith, Benjamin, Brooke J. Burke, and Shae Anne Barnes.
• If only initials are given, put a full stop after each initial and a space between the initials, e.g. Lee, S. A.
• Include a comma to separate each author’s name and use ‘and’ before the last author’s name (e.g. Smith, Benjamin A., and Brooke J. Burke).
• List authors in the order they appear on the source you are referencing.
• Names that follow Eastern order (Surname first) rather than Western order (Surname last) should not be inverted in a reference list even if they are listed as a second or subsequent author, e.g. Beller, Ben, Lee Kim Hock, and Wang Gui. 2010.

No author

If no personal author is given, check to see if an organisation has acted as the author. Where there are no authors and you are sure that your source is credible, follow the guidelines below:

• Use the title of the work in place of the author in the in-text citation and in the reference list
• If the title is too long, shorten it in the in-text citation but always include the first word of the title
• If the item is a smaller part of a publication (e.g. journal article, book chapter), enclose the title in quotation marks in both the in-text and reference list
• If the item is a book, brochure, website or report, italicise the title both in the in-text and reference list.

Note: Newspaper or magazine articles are exceptions to the above guidelines. Refer to the Newspaper and magazine article example in this guide.

In-text citation

(“A Profession in Charge” 2015).

OR

In the article “A Profession in Charge” (2015) …

Reference list

“A Profession in Charge of its Future - A Vision for 2030.” 2015. Veterinary Record 177 (20): 503-504. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.h6215.

One or two authors

• Include all authors in the reference list entry.

Reference list examples:

Burns, Timothy. 2015. “Philosophy and Poetry: A New Look at an Old Quarrel.” The American Political Science Review 109 (2): 326-338. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000076.

Lane, Rod, and Simon Catling. 2016. “Preservice Primary Teachers’ Depth and Accuracy of Knowledge of Tropical Cyclones.” Journal of Geography 115 (5): 198-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2016.1153133.

Three to six authors

• Include up to six authors in the reference list entry.

Reference list example:

Thomas, M’Balia, Alisa L. Russell, and Hannah V. Warren. 2018. “The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly of the Pedagogy in Harry Potter: An Inquiry into the Personal Practical Knowledge of Remus Lupin, Rubeus Hagrid, and Serverus Snape.” The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 91 (4-5): 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2018.1433152.

More than six authors

• List only the first three authors followed by et al. (meaning and others) in the reference list.

Reference list example:

Yonkers, Kimberly, A., Susan M. Ramin, A. John Rush, et al. 2001. “Onset and Persistence of Postpartum Depression in an Inner-City Maternal Health Clinic System.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (11): 1856-1863. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.185.

Organisation as author

• Include the organisation name in full in the reference list.
• If you have used the abbreviated name in the in-text citation, display the abbreviation first followed by the organisation’s full name in brackets. Where an organisation is commonly known by its acronym (e.g. CSIRO, Qantas, NASA), list the acronym in the reference list without the full name in brackets
• Where multiple departments are listed, use the organisation most responsible for the information as the author. In government documents particularly, the hierarchy is often displayed, for example: Royal Perth Hospital, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia. The smallest department is usually primarily responsible for the content (in this case, Royal Perth Hospital)

Reference list example:

Department of Education and Training. 2024. “During your studies in Australia.” Australian Government. https://www.education.gov.au/international-education/during-your-studies-australia-0.

Reference list example: organisation name abbreviated in-text

WHO (World Health Organization). 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/.

Title capitalisation

• All titles should appear in title case (where each significant word is capitalised). Example: Youth Subcultures: Theory, History and the Australian Experience.

DOIs and URLs

• A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a string of numbers, letters and symbols which uniquely identifies, and creates a permanent link to a journal article, book or other online document, e.g. 10.1108/HER-10-2015-0023
• In the Chicago style, DOIs are preceded by https://doi.org/. For example: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-10-2015-0023.
• The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If one has been assigned, include it in your reference list entry
• If you cannot locate a DOI, include the online article, book or document’s URL. If the URL is very long or unsuitable, list the name of the library database in place of the URL
• DOIs and URLs are presented as plain text links, preceded by https://… and followed by a full stop. For example: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-10-2015-0023.

Reference list page layout

• Begin the reference list on a new page at the end of your work
• Place the label References, centred on the top of the page
• Apply a hanging indent of 1.27cm to each reference list entry

Sample reference list

References

Arkoudis, Sophie, Mollie Dollinger, Chi Baik, and Allan Patience. 2019. “International Students’ Experience in Australian Higher Education: Can We Do Better?” Higher Education 77 (5): 799-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0302-x.

The Australian. 2016. “A Higher Education Return.” August 18. ProQuest.

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2021. Education and Work, Australia. ABS. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/education/education-and-work-australia.

Boulton, Chris A., Emily Hughes, Carmel Kent, Joanne R. Smith, and Hywel T. P. Williams. 2019. “Student Engagement and Wellbeing Over Time at a Higher Education Institution.” PLoS ONE 14 (11): e0225770. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225770.

Forsyth, Hannah. 2014a. “Dreaming of Higher Education.” Southerly 74 (2): 119-142. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.792227855125093.

Forsyth, Hannah. 2014b. A History of the Modern Australian University. NewSouth Publishing. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=2008112.

Forsyth, Hannah. 2017. “Post-War Political Economics and the Growth of Australian University Research, c.1945-1965.” History of Education Review 46 (1): 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-10-2015-0023.

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). 2019. The Future of Higher Education in the Age of Disruption. YouTube. Video, 47 min., 32 sec. https://youtu.be/NFP2S2f3io4.

Rudick, C. Kyle, and Deanna P. Dannels. 2018. “ ‘Yes, and …’: Continuing the Scholarly Conversation About Immigration and Higher Education.” Communication Education 67 (1): 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2017.1392584.

Tierney, William G., and Michael Lanford. 2016. “Conceptualizing Innovation in Higher Education.” In Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, edited by Michael B. Paulsen. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26829-3.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2016. Global Education Monitoring Report, 2016: Place: Inclusive and Sustainable Cities. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247862.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). n.d. “Education Transforms Lives.” UNESCO. Accessed January 31, 2023. https://en.unesco.org/themes/education.

The World Bank. 2025. “Tertiary Education.” The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/tertiaryeducation#1.

Order of references in reference list

Journal & news articles

Journal article

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Reference list examples

Burns, Timothy. 2015. “Philosophy and Poetry: A New Look at an Old Quarrel.” The American Political Science Review 109 (2): 326-338. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000076.

Foley, Gary, and Tim Anderson. 2006. “Land Rights and Aboriginal Voices.” Australian Journal of Human Rights 12 (1): 83-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/1323238X.2006.11910814.

Naghavi, Mohsen, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Cristiana Abbafati, et al. 2017. “Global, Regional, and National Age-Sex Specific Mortality for 264 Causes of Death, 1980-2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.” The Lancet 390 (10100): 1151-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9.

Thomas, M’Balia, Alisa L. Russell, and Hannah V. Warren. 2018. “The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly of the Pedagogy in Harry Potter: An Inquiry into the Personal Practical Knowledge of Remus Lupin, Rubeus Hagrid, and Serverus Snape.” The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 91 (4-5): 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2018.1433152.

In-text examples

Advanced publication, supplements and article numbers

Journal article - Advanced online publication

Mullan, Ryan, Alex D. Davis, Tracey T. Sutton, and Sonke Johnsen. 2023. “An Investigation into the Mechanism Mediating Counterillumination in Myctophid Fishes (Myctopidae).” The Biological Bulletin, ahead of print, April 5. https://doi.org/10.1086/724803.

Journal article published in a supplement

Stoody, Eve E., Joanne M. Spahn, and Kellie O. Casavale. 2019. “The Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project: A Series of Systematic Reviews on Diet and Health.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109 (Suppl.1): 685S-697S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy372.

Journal article with an article number/eLocator

Pedersen, Pil Birkefeldt Moller, Joanna B. Olsen, Brody Sandel, and Jens-Christian Svenning. 2019. “Wild Steps in a Semi-Wild Setting? Habitat Selection and Behavior of European Bison Reintroduced to an Enclosure in an Anthropogenic Landscape.” PLOS ONE 14 (11): e0198308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198308.

In-text examples

News or magazine article

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Reference list examples

Haberman, Maggie, and Peter Baker. 2017. “In Call with Times Reporter, Trump Projects Air of Calm Over Charges.” The New York Times, November 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/01/us/politics/trump-russia-charges.html.

Kirby, James. 2023. “Big Super’s Plan for Financial Advice Hits Trouble.” The Australian, July 31. Factiva.

Morris, Linda, Nick Galvin, and Megan Gorrey. 2019. “ ‘Scandalous’: Walsh Bay Arts Precinct Revamp Stalls.” Sydney Morning Herald, August 15. ProQuest.

Weekend Edition Saturday. 2015. “Fairytales Exist: Migrants Get a Football Team of Their Own.” May 9. ProQuest.

In-text examples

Books

Books

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Reference list examples

Berman, Audrey T., Geralyn Frandsen, Shirlee Snyder, et al. 2021. Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice. 5th Aust. ed. Pearson Australia. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=6352557.

Doyle, Timothy, Doug McEachern, and Sherilyn MacGregor. 2015. Environment and Politics. 4th ed. Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=2194948.

Gay, Grant, and Roger Simnett. 2018. Auditing & Assurance Services in Australia. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. EPUB. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=5729228.

Millon, Theodore, Roger Davis, Carrie Millon, Luis Escovar, and Sarah Meagher. 2000. Personality Disorders in Modern Life. Wiley.

In-text examples

Chapter in an edited book

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Reference list examples

Esteves, Fernando, Joao Rodrigo Mesquita, Carmen Nobrega, et al. 2016. “Epidemiology and Emergence of Schmallenberg Virus Part 1: Origin, Transmission and Differential Diagnosis.” In Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases - Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind, edited by Fyson Hanania Kasenga. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/64741.

Reisinger, Yvette. 2013. “Reflections on Globalisation and Cultural Tourism.” In The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism, edited by Melanie Smith and Greg Richards. Routledge. EPUB. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/detail.action?pq-origsite=primo&docID=1114637.

Renner, Adam, Bridget Brew, and Crystal Proctor. 2013. “Plotting Inequality, Building Resistance.” In Rethinking Mathematics: Teaching Social Justice by the Numbers, 2nd ed., edited by Eric Gutstein and Bob Peterson. Rethinking Schools.

In-text examples

Dictionary or encyclopedia

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Reference list example

Martin, David. 2001. “Religion: Peace, War, and Violence.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Pergamon Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767040389.

In-text examples

Conference paper or poster

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Reference list examples

Chadwick, M. B., M. Blann, and S. Hilaire. 2008. “Multistep Direct Preequilibrium Reactions and the Monte Carlo Approach,” paper presented at the International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, Paris, France, April 23-27, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1051/ndata:07659.

Fredericks, Joel, and Christopher Lawrence. 2018. “#thisismymob: Preserving and Promoting Indigenous Australian Cultural Heritage,” paper presented at the 2nd Workshop on Mobile Access to Cultural Heritage (MobileCH-2018), Barcelona, Spain, September 3-6. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2176/paper3.pdf.

In-text examples

Thesis or dissertation

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Reference list examples

Dowling, Carol Susan. 2017. “ ‘Find One of Your Own Kind’: Auto-ethnography and My Aboriginal Women Ancestors.” PhD diss., Curtin University. espace. https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/73585.

Ling, Justin. 2015. “Lords and Ladies of the Modern Age.” Master’s thesis, Mills College. ProQuest (1586702).

In-text examples

Websites & social media

Webpage on a website

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Reference list examples

DET (Department of Education and Training). 2016. “Improving Australian and European Mobility.” Australian Government. https://www.education.gov.au/news/improving-australian-and-european-mobility.

DevelopmentWA. n.d. “Yagan Square.” DevelopmentWA. Accessed April 8, 2020. http://www.developmentwa.com.au/projects/redevelopment/yagan-square/overview.

Wikipedia Foundation. 2025. “Carbon Footprint.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint.

In-text examples

Blog post

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Reference list example

Huberman, Ben. 2016. “Live from Paris: David Lebovitz on Food, France, and Writing.” Discover (blog), March 3. https://discover.wordpress.com/2016/03/03/david-lebovitz-food-france-writing/.

Sentance, Nathan M. 2019. “Anniversaries Need to be Uncomfortable.” Archival Decolonist (blog), November 6. https://archivaldecolonist.com/2019/11/06/anniversaries-need-to-be-uncomfortable/.

In-text examples

Social media post

Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok, X (Twitter) etc.

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Reference list examples

ABC News Australia (@abcnewsau). 2023. “What we’ve discovered is that we can take waste textiles and grind them up into really fine particles.” TikTok, November 11. https://www.tiktok.com/@abcnewsaus/video/7298573844044844290.

Curtin University. 2023. “Check out these highlights from the Bachelor of Creative Arts Exhibition at this year’s Faculty of Humanities Graduate Showcase!” LinkedIn, November 9. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/curtinuniversity_curtinuniversity-curtinlife-curtingradshow23-activity-7127960735678173184-NOIb/.

Obama, Barack (@barakobama). 2018. “During my presidency, I started a tradition of sharing my reading lists and play lists.” Facebook, January 1. https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/posts/10155532677446749.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2018. “A loving touch.” Instagram, February 8. https://www.instagram.com/p/Be8MsHcl8DP/.

University of Melbourne Library (@unilibrary). 2018. “Good morning one and all. #Onthisday in 1975 90% of Icelandic women went on strike, refusing to work in protest of gender inequality.” X, October 24. https://x.com/unilibrary/status/1054855102111064065.

In-text examples

Reports & grey literature

Government or organisation report

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Reference list examples

AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 2015. Emergency Department Care 2014-15: Australian Hospital Statistics. Cat. no. HSE 168. AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/0fd096e0-b481-4f92-98d72f9c8719/19527_1.pdf.aspx?inline=true.

Lowitja Institute. 2021. Culture is Key: Towards Cultural Determinants-Driven Health Policy: Final Report. Lowitja Institute. https://www.lowitja.org.au/resource/culture-is-key-towards-cultural-determinants-driven-health-policy/.

Saunes, Ingrid Sperre, Marina Karanikolos, and Anna Sagan. 2020. Norway: Health System Review 2020. Health Systems in Transition, vol. 22, no. 14. Norwegian Institute of Public Health and European Observatory of Health Systems and Policies. https://eurohealthobservatory.who.int/publications/i/norway-health-system-review-20.

In-text examples

Press release

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Reference list examples

APA (American Psychological Association). 2018. “Dishonest Individuals Perceived as Less Capable.” Press release, January 31. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/01/dishonest-individuals.aspx.

Birmingham, Simon. 2017. “Tens of Thousands of Preschoolers to Learn a Language in 2017.” Media release, January 9. https://ministers.education.gov.au/birmingham/tens-thousands-preschoolers-learn-language-2017.

In-text examples

Brochure, factsheet or pamphlet

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Reference list examples

Department of Health and Aged Care. 2024. Support at Home - Fact Sheet. Australian Government. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/support-at-home-fact-sheet.

In-text examples

Dataset

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Reference list example

Irino, Tomohisa, and Ryuji Tada. 2009. “Chemical and Mineral Compositions of Sediments from ODP Site 127-797.” Pangaea dataset. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726855.

Zou, Heng-Xing, and Volker, H. W. Rudolf. 2023. Data from “Priority Effects Determine How Dispersal Affects Biodiversity in Seasonal Metacommunities.” Dryad dataset. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sbcc2frb4.

In-text examples

Legislation & standards

Act of Parliament

The Chicago Manual of Style does not cover Australian legal materials. The guidelines presented are adapted from the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.

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Reference list example

Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) S. 40. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/.

In-text examples

Case

The Chicago Manual of Style does not cover Australian legal materials. The guidelines presented are adapted from the Australian Guide to Legal Citation.

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Reference list example

Shea v News Ltd. 2015. WASC 1. http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sign.cgi/au/cases/wa/WASC/2015/1.

In-text examples

Standard

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Reference list example

American Society Testing & Materials. 2024. Standard Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Materials. ASTM D 3665:2024. ASTM. Intertek Inform.

Standards Australia. 2009. Wire-Rope Slings: Product Specification. AS 1666.1-2009. Standards Australia. https://au.i2.saiglobal.com/management/display/index/0/298565/-/9be24c09161d0e738ff81c70e056a06b.

In-text examples

Audiovisual media

YouTube or other streaming video

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Reference list examples

California Newsreel. 2008. In Sickness and in Wealth. Kanopy. Video, 58 min. https://curtin.kanopy.com/video/sickness-and-wealth.

Ellis, Lindsay. 2017. Auteur Theory vs. Michael Bay: The Whole Plate: Episode 2. YouTube. Video, 12 min., 31 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srk-tPbQVcs.

Lyiscott, Jamila. 2014. 3 Ways to Speak English. TED Talk. Video, 4 min., 17 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/jamila_lyiscott_3_ways_to_speak_english.

In-text examples

Film or video

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Reference list example

Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. 2013. Gravity. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

Miller, George, dir. 2015. Mad Max: Fury Road. Warner Bros. Pictures. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/edutv.1193010.

In-text examples

TV series episode

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Reference list examples

Fryman, Pamela, dir. 2019. Merry Happy Whatever. Episode 2, “Harmony.” Aired November 28, 2019, on Netflix.

Mayberry, Russ, dir. 1971. The Brady Bunch. Season 3, episode 10, “Her Sister’s Shadow.” Aired November 19, 1971, on ABC.

Murphy, Ryan, dir. 2022. American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson. Season 1, episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia.” Accessed June 10, 2022, on Prime. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/.

In-text examples

News broadcasts

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Reference list examples

ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2014. “Growing Calls for a Royal Commission into the Commonwealth Bank Fraud Scandal.” 7.30 Report. July 1. Television broadcast.

CNN. 2025. “South African Journalist: Ramaphosa Was Prepared for Trump.” The Lead. May 22. Television broadcast. https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/21/world/video/the-lead-south-africa-white-farmer-genocide-president-donald-trump-elon-musk-jake-tapper.

SBS (Special Broadcasting Service). 2020. “Government Has Announced a New Rescue Package for Victoria’s Childcare Sector.” World News Australia. August 5. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/tvnews.tsm202008050216.

In-text examples

Radio and podcast episode

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Reference list examples

Ober, Lauren, host. 2022. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13. Podcast, 32 min., 49 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

Qadar, Sana, presenter. 2025. All in the Mind. “Is Clutter Making You Feel Bad?” ABC Radio National, August 17. Radio, 29 min. https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/allinthemind/is-clutter-making-you-feel-bad/105606210.

Silva, Kristian, and Stephen Stockwell, presenters. 2025. Mushroom Case Daily. “What Happened to the Leftovers? Our Friday Wrap.” ABC Listen, May 9. Podcast, 33 min. https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/mushroom-case-daily.

In-text examples

Music

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Reference list examples

Rihanna, vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Track 1 on Good Girl Gone Bad. MP3 audio. Island Def Jam.

The Wombats, band. 2017. Beautiful People Will Ruin Your Life. MP3 audio. Warner Music Australia.

In-text examples

Company information

Annual report

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Reference list example

Starbucks. 2024. Starbucks Fiscal 2024 Annual Report. Starbucks. https://investor.starbucks.com/financials/annual-reports/default.aspx.

Qantas. 2015. A Strong, Sustainable Future: Qantas Annual Report 2015. Qantas. https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2015AnnualReport.pdf.

In-text examples

Dataset created using a company database

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Reference list example

Morningstar Datanalysis Premium. 2014. “GICS Industry Metals & Mining: Financial Data.” Dataset. Accessed October 9, 2014. https://datanalysis.morningstar.com.au.

In-text examples

Company and industry reports created using a database

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Reference list examples

Baikie, Victoria. 2021. “Art Galleries and Museums in Australia.” IBISWorld Industry Report. https://my.ibisworld.com/au/en/industry/r8910/about.

IBISWorld. 2021. “Sigma Healthcare Limited.” IBISWorld Company Report. https://my.ibisworld.com/au/en/company-reports/9965/company-details.

In-text examples

Company and industry profile from a database

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Reference list examples

Euromonitor International. 2021. “Ferrero & Related Parties in Packaged Food (World).” Passport. https://www.warc.com/content/article/ferrero-and-related-parties-food/90830.

Marketline. 2021. “Oil and Gas in Australia June 2021.” Marketline Industry Profile. https://link.library.curtin.edu.au/gw?url=CUR_ALMA61114962510001951.

In-text examples

Other sources

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)

If you use a GenAI tool, such as ChatGPT, Claude, or Copilot, when completing an assessment, it is recommended to declare your use. Additionally, if you have used GenAI to create content that you include in your work, you must reference this use as a source of information.

Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging sources such as books, articles, and websites to show that your work is based on credible evidence. GenAI must be cited if used as an information source. This is required in the same way as any other information you include in your work that comes from an external source.

It is important to understand that AI-generated content is considered a non-recoverable source. This means that the content produced is usually not accessible to anyone other than the person who generated it. Unless the GenAI tool provides a shareable link to the chat, other people cannot be directed to the exact location where the content was created. This makes it difficult to verify claims in the same way as traditional sources.

GenAI tools are also not considered scholarly sources at this time. Their responses are created from large training datasets, and the original source of the information is often unknown. For this reason, GenAI outputs should be used with care in academic work.

If the GenAI text discusses theories or specific ideas, you should include additional sources to support them with scholarly research.

If you are allowed to use GenAI in your work, it is good practice to include:

• A written declaration - You should follow your Unit Coordinator’s instructions or use the Library’s declaration template to clearly explain how GenAI supported your work. You may also wish to include the prompts you used as a list or by sharing a link to the chat.

• An in-text citation - This is required if the generated text has been quoted, paraphrased or summarised in your written work.

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In-text citations

AI-generated content is treated as a form of personal communication in the Chicago style and should be cited in-text rather than included in the reference list. When citing, include the name of the tool, the version (if available), and the date the content was generated.

In-text examples

(ChatGPT-3.5, May 12, 2023).

OR

The following recipe for pizza dough was generated by ChatGPT-3.5 on May 12, 2023.

If quoting

Use quotation marks to distinguish between your own words and the words generated by the tool:

Dogs and cats represent the most common pets in Australia; however, there is some debate as to which is better. “Some people may prefer dogs because they are considered to be more loyal and protective, while others may prefer cats because they are independent and low maintenance” (ChatGPT-3.5, May 12, 2023).

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GenAI outputs do not require a reference list entry. However, if you have been specifically instructed to include a reference, cite the publisher or developer of the tool rather than the tool name itself, and include a publicly accessible URL.

OpenAI. 2023. Response to “What is the best pizza dough recipe?” ChatGPT-3.5, May 12, 2023. https://chatgpt.com/c/68107ccf-4958-800b-b382-bc80fb9e2bca.

Indigenous Knowledges

Indigenous Knowledges are those which are held and continuously developed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. IP Australia (2021) defines two distinct areas:

• Traditional Cultural Expressions - including languages, stories, songlines, music, performances, visual arts, crafts, architecture, designs and symbols
• Traditional Knowledge - including know-how, practices, skills and innovations, often related but not limited to agricultural, scientific, technical, ecological, medicinal and biodiversity-related knowledge.

The way in which Indigenous Knowledges is referenced depends on whether, and how the information has been recorded.

Published sources

Indigenous authored sources

If you have read a book or journal article, watched a YouTube video or listened to a podcast created by an Indigenous person (the information was recorded in a format that can be retrieved) follow the standard guidelines provided in this guide to create your in-text citation and reference list entry, according to the source type (e.g. journal article, book, video etc.).

Non-Indigenous authored sources

Indigenous Knowledge may be communicated by non-Indigenous authors. Wherever possible, the author, the Indigenous person, and the appropriate community or language group should be referenced within your narrative or in your in-text citations (if an individual is not mentioned, include the community or language group alone). If the source does not provide this information, use the broader term ‘Indigenous Knowledge’ within the citation before the source details.

Non-published sources

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have an oral tradition, meaning their knowledges, beliefs and customs are passed down verbally or through other cultural expressions. If the information has been communicated with you directly (e.g. you have spoken to an Indigenous person directly) and you have permission to use it in your work, follow the guidelines for referencing a Personal Communication, but also include the Indigenous community or language group, if known. If the source of information is an Indigenous Elder or other Indigenous Knowledge Keeper, also include the name of the Elder or Knowledge Keeper.

For example, the in-text citation will be displayed as:

(I. Cumming, Whadjuk Noongar, personal communication, July 1, 2021).

Personal communication

• Cite in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible, e.g. (J. Smith, personal communication, February 9, 2016)
• Personal communications are works which cannot be recovered by the reader. They include emails, text messages, online chats, letters, memos, personal (unpublished) interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches etc.
• Personal communications may not be acceptable to include in your assignment – please check with your lecturer/tutor before doing so
• Mention the type of communication within your in-text citation (examples: email, text message etc.).

Unpublished interview

• Include the term ‘interview’ within your in-text citation
• Each person cited must be fully identified in the in-text citation
• An interview with a person who prefers to remain anonymous may be cited in whatever form is appropriate in context. The absence of a name should be explained (e.g. All interviews were conducted in confidence, and the names of interviewees are withheld by mutual agreement)

Lecture

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Reference list examples

Leaver, Tama. 2012. “Social Media Rivers.” iLecture. https://echo.ilecture.curtin.edu.au:8080/ess/echo/presentation/893b5284-ecad-4ad4-8af7-0ad2a1e19e24.

Richardson, Christine. 2015. “RDA Management.” PowerPoint slides. https://lms.curtin.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid3704556-dt-content-rid-21756633_1/xid-21756633_1.

In-text examples

Tables & figures

What are tables and figures?

• Tables are numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns.
• Figures include all types of illustrations or images (chart, map, graph, photograph, drawing etc.) other than a table.

Why is referencing tables and figures different?

In the Chicago referencing style, an in-text citation and reference list entry provide an appropriate level of acknowledgement to the work of others for most types of materials. However, when adapting or reproducing tables or figures (photographs, illustrations or artworks) you may need to provide additional information and copyright acknowledgement for the work.

Using tables and figures in your assignment

This guide provides different referencing scenarios and additional information to help you acknowledge tables and figures in your assignments appropriately.

Scenario 1: Adapting or reproducing a published table or figure

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When you are reproducing (directly copying) or adapting (altered from the original such as changed the layout or presented only some of the data) a table or figure from another source in your work.

Adapting or reproducing a table

Above the table:

• Write the word Table followed by the number and a colon (e.g. Table 1:)
• If you have more than one table, number them sequentially in the order that they appear in your text (Table 1, Table 2). Numbering is separate for tables and figures
• Give each table a brief explanatory title. The title should be in sentence case capitalisation (where only the first word in the title, the first word in a subtitle, and proper names are capitalised) and have no full stop

Below the table:

Write a caption that explains where the table came from

• Start with the word Source in italics followed by a colon, then write “Table reproduced from” when you have reproduced it or “Table adapted from” when you have adapted it
• Provide the author, year of publication and page number for the source, followed by a full stop.

Reference list:

• Provide a reference list entry for the source (journal article, book, etc.) where you found the table. Follow the instructions in the Chicago referencing guide.

In-text:

• In the text of your assignment, refer to the table by its number. See Assignment example

Example of a table adapted from a journal article

Table 1: Participant information of dog owner interviews about dog walking

Gender(s)	Age(s)	Dog(s)
F	51	Poodle/spaniel Border Terrier
M F	62 49	Alaskan Malamute
M F	69 Unknown	Labrador

Source: Table adapted from Westgarth et al. (2017, 3-4).

Adapting or reproducing a figure (visual representation of data, e.g. chart, graph)

Below the figure:

Write a caption that explains where the figure came from

• Start with the word Figure followed by the number and a full stop (e.g. Figure 1.)
• If you have more than one figure, number them sequentially in the order that they appear in your text (Figure 1., Figure 2.)
• Give each figure a brief explanatory title. The title should be in sentence case capitalisation (where only the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle, and proper names are capitalised), and have no full stop
• On the next line, write the word Source in italics followed by a colon, then write “Figure reproduced from” when you have reproduced it (directly copied) or “Figure adapted from” when you have adapted it (altered from the original such as changed the layout or presented only some of the data)
• Provide the author, year of publication, and page number for the source, followed by a full stop.

Reference list:

• Provide a reference list entry for the source (journal article, book, etc.) where you found the figure. Follow the instructions in the Chicago referencing guide.

In-text:

• In the text of your assignment, refer to the figure by its number. See Assignment example

Example of a figure reproduced from a published journal article

Figure 1. Simulated and projected (years 2040-2069) temperature trend at Alor Setar meteorological station

Source: Figure reproduced from Tukimat and Harun (2015, 653).

Reproducing a photograph

Provide the full reference details in a caption presented directly below the photograph, starting with a figure number (e.g. Figure 1.)

Captions may include the name of the creator/photographer, title or description of the photo, year of creation, information about the medium and dimensions (if available), source details, object number (if available) and copyright information (if available).

When formatting photograph captions:

• If the creator is unknown, leave this part blank, or write ‘Unknown Creator’
• Titles of photographs are usually presented in italics and in sentence case capitalisation (see Figure 1 below). If there is no title, provide a description of the photograph, presented in sentence case capitalisation and without italics (see Figure 2 below)
• If the year is unknown, write n.d. (for no date)
• If viewed online, provide a URL; if it’s long, use a shortened version that still allows readers to find the source
• If available, state the copyright year and the name of the copyright holder or provide a Creative Commons licence. See Copyright and Creative Commons for more detail.
• Adjust the information as needed, e.g. if there is no copyright information, leave this out etc.

Note: For photographs of works of art, see section on Reproducing a work of art.

Reference list:

• Provide a reference list entry for the source (journal article, book, etc.) where you found the photograph. Follow the instructions in the Chicago referencing guide.

In-text:

• In the text of your assignment, refer to the photo by its number. See Assignment example

Examples of reproduced photographs

Figure 1. Pablo Fernicola, Rockhopper penguins preening. 2012, digital photo. Reproduced from: Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/fernicola/8331007094/. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Figure 2. Devin Allen, Untitled photograph of a Baltimore police officer holding a child. 2015, digital photo, 3264 pixels x 4896 pixels. Reproduced from: Smithsonian Institution, object no. 2016.98.52. https://www.si.edu/object/untitled:nmaahc_2016.98.11. Copyright by Devin Allen.

Reproducing a work of art (e.g. painting, drawing, sculpture, photograph)

Provide the full reference details in a caption presented directly below the artwork, starting with a figure number (e.g. Figure 1.).

There is no single format for artwork captions; the information included depends on the type of artwork (see examples below) Captions may include the name of the artist/creator, title or description of the artwork, year (creation/completion), medium, dimensions, location (e.g. gallery, museum), accession/object number, source details and copyright information.

When formatting artwork captions:

• If the artist or creator is unknown, leave this part blank, or write ‘Unknown Artist’
• For Indigenous Australian artworks, include the Traditional Country or Language Group (if available) in title case capitalisation (see Figure 6 below)
• Titles of paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs and other works of art are presented in italics and in title case capitalisation (see Figure 3 below). However, the names of works of antiquity (e.g. physical artifacts, sculptures, sacred sites, monuments etc. that were created in ancient times) are not presented in italics (see Figures 4 and 5 below)
• If there is no title, provide a description of the artwork; descriptions are presented in sentence case capitalisation and without italics (see Figure 4 below)
• If the year of creation or completion is unknown, write n.d. (for no date)
• If viewed online, provide a URL; if it’s long, use a shortened version that still allows readers to find the source
• Where available, state the copyright year and the name of the copyright holder or provide a Creative Commons licence. See Copyright and Creative Commons for more detail.
• Adjust the information as needed: omit unavailable details; if a photographer is mentioned, add the name before the source etc.

Reference list:

_

• Provide a reference list entry for the source (journal article, book, website etc.) where you found the artwork. Follow the instructions in the Chicago referencing guide.

In-text:

• In the text of your assignment, refer to the artwork by its number. See Assignment example

Examples of reproduced artworks

Figure 3. Sidney Nolan, The Encounter. 1946, enamel paint on hardboard, 121.2 x 90.4 cm. Reproduced from: National Gallery of Australia, accession no. 76.289. https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/object/28938. Copyright 2026 by The Sidney Nolan Trust.

Figure 4. Australian rock art. n.d., Walinynga (Cave Hill) Archaeological Site, South Australia. Reproduced from: National Museum of Australia. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/first-rock-art.

Figure 5. Head of the God Amun. ca. 1336-1327 B.C., granodiorite, 44 x 38.2 x 41.5 cm. Reproduced from: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, object no. 07.228.34. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544691.

Figure 6. Marg Adams ( Kamilaroi, Northern Riverine Region), Reflection. 1996, synthetic polymer paint on canvas, 94.4 x 123.3 x 3.9 cm. Reproduced from: Art Gallery of New South Wales, accession no. 567.1996. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/567.1996/. Copyright by The Estate of Marg Adams.

Scenario 2: Including published tables or figures in a PowerPoint

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A PowerPoint presentation has a different purpose from an essay or report but still requires referencing, including acknowledgement of tables and figures adapted or reproduced from another source. Please check with your tutor for specific requirements for referencing in PowerPoints.

Including a table in a PowerPoint slide

On the slide, state the Table number and title (in sentence case capitalisation). Below the table, provide the source information:

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Table 1: Physical development of inland NSW magpies (n=36)

Age	Weight (g)	Body length (mm)
1st week	50-73	51
2nd week	100-208	76
3rd week	220-250	89
4th week	380	104
3 months	340-400	104

Source: Table adapted from Kaplan (2019, 124).

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Including a figure in a PowerPoint slide

On the slide include the figure number and title below the figure:

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At the end of your presentation, before the reference list, provide a separate list of figures used in your presentation. This contains the caption information that would usually be included under the figure.

Example list of figures in a PowerPoint slide

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Greg Johnston, Galah. 2019, digital photo. Reproduced from: Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/gregjohnston/48372512176. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Figure 2. Jim Bendon, Galah walking. 2015, digital photo. Reproduced from: Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jim_bendon_1957/16207540769/. CC BY-SA 2.0.

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Your PowerPoint should always end with your reference list, detailing all the sources used in your presentation (including tables and figures):

Example of a reference list in a PowerPoint slide

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References

Bendon, Jim. 2015. “Galah Walking.” Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jim_bendon_1957/16207540769/.

BirdLife Australia. n.d. “Galah: Basic Information.” Birds in Backyards. Accessed January 13, 2023. https://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Eolophus-roseicapillus.

Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife. n.d. “Galah.” Backyard Buddies. Accessed January 13, 2023. https://www.backyardbuddies.org.au/fact-sheets/Galah.

Johnston, Greg. 2019. “Galah.” Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/gregjohnston/48372512176.

Kaplan, Gisela. 2019. Australian Magpie: Biology and Behaviours of an Unusual Songbird. 2nd ed. Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/curtin/reader.action?docID=5762566.

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Scenario 3: Using your own table or figure

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You may wish to include your own photos in an assignment, or you may create a table or figure to present data that you have collected yourself. In this scenario, you will need to include a table or figure number, as well as a descriptive title.

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Including your own table

Above the table:

• Write the word Table followed by the number and a colon (e.g. Table 2:)
• If you have more than one table in your paper, number them sequentially in the order that they appear in your text (Table 1, Table 2)
• Give each table a brief explanatory title. The title should be in sentence case capitalisation (where only the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle, and proper names are capitalised), with no full stop.

Below the table:

• No attribution is required as you have collected the data yourself; however you may want to write ‘Table by Author’ or something similar if omitting the attribution will cause confusion.

Reference list:

• No reference list entry required as you are reporting your own research.

Example of your own table

Table 2: Pet ownership by occupation

Occupation	Dogs	Cats	Birds
Librarian	22	56	9
Accountant	53	29	6
Ornithologist	22	0	61
Artist	33	33	22

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Including your own figure

Below the figure:

• Write the word Figure, followed by the number and a full stop (e.g. Figure 2.)
• If you have more than one figure in your paper, number them sequentially in the order that they appear in your text (Figure 1, Figure 2)
• Give each figure a brief explanatory title. The title should be in sentence case capitalisation (where only the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle, and proper names are capitalised), with no full stop
• No attribution is required as it is your own figure; however you may want to write ‘Photograph by Author’ or something similar if omitting the attribution will cause confusion.

Reference list:

• No reference list entry required as you are reporting your own research.

Example of your own figure

Figure 2. Sleepy Tasmanian Devil in the rain (Photo by Author)

Scenario 4: Using published data to create your own table

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When creating your own tables from published data (e.g. with data taken from a report, journal article, book etc.), an in-text citation and reference list entry is usually sufficient acknowledgement of the source material.

Above the table:

• Write the word Table followed by the number and a colon (e.g. Table 3:)
• If you have more than one table in your paper, number them sequentially in the order that they appear in your text (Table 1, Table 2)
• Give each table a brief explanatory title. The title should be in sentence case capitalisation (where only the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle, and proper names are capitalised), and have no full stop.

Below the table:

• Write the word Source(s) in italics followed by a colon, then write “Data from”
• Provide the name of the author, year of publication and page number for each source used
• If your data comes from more than one source, identify your sources with a superscript letter and separate them with a semi colon.

Reference list

• Provide a reference list entry for the source(s) (journal article, book, etc.) where you found the data. Follow the instructions in the Chicago referencing guide.

In-text:

• In the text of your assignment, refer to the table by its number. See Assignment example

Example of a table created using published data

Table 3: Australian government Indigenous programs and policy locations with Indigenous population by selected states

State	Number of centresa	Total Indigenous population
NSW	56	216,170b
WA	342	75,976c

Sources: Data from ^a Services Australia (2020); ^b Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017a, Section: People); ^c Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017b, Section: People)

Example incorporating tables and figures into an assignment

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Australia’s Indigenous people have a longstanding connection with country, valuing it for a range of cultural, social and economic reasons, in a history that goes back an estimated 60,000 years (Jacobsen, Howell, and Read 2020; Olsen and Russell 2019). Prior to colonisation Australia was comprised of over 250 societies that covered the entire landmass, groups that had their own language, customs and responsibility for managing the land (Karidakis and Kelly 2017). This responsibility has only recently begun to be handed back to Indigenous people with Jacobsen, Howell, and Read (2020) reporting 134 million hectares of land in Australia, 17% of the total landmass, as Indigenous owned. Figure 1 presenting data from the Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES 2020) shows that the bulk of this land is located in central Australia.

Figure 1. Areas of land and forest that is Indigenous owned

Source: Figure reproduced from Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (2020, Map 1). CC-BY 4.0.

Dillon et al. (2015, 6) defines Indigenous land as “all land over which Indigenous people have use and rights as recognised through ownership, management, access or other special rights.” Incorporating these broader definitions, Table 1 breaks down the total area of recognised Indigenous land in Australia.

Table 1: Indigenous land management categories and size (hectares)

Category	Definitiona	Total areab
Owned and managed	Lands that are both owned and managed by Indigenous communities	142,306,000
Managed	Lands that are managed but not owned by Indigenous communities	32,357,000
Co-managed	Owned and managed by non-Indigenous parties, but agreements guarantee Indigenous people rights in managing land	28,028,000
Special rights	Lands subject to Native Title determinations and active Indigenous Land Use Agreements	304,531,000

Sources: Data from ^a Dillon et al. (2015, 9); ^b Jacobsen, Howell, and Read (2020, 5).

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References

Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences. 2020. “Australia’s Indigenous Forest Estate.” Australian Government. https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/australia-s-indigenous-forest-estate-2020/resource/02e9f3f5-181c-4a71-b4af-70e43d71f28d.

Dillon, Robert, Jeya Jeyasingham, Sid Eades, and Steve Read. 2015. Development of Australia’s Indigenous Forest Estate (2013) Dataset. Research Report 15.6. Canberra: Canberra: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/IndigenousForestEstate_20150828_v1.0.0.pdf.

Jacobsen, Rohan, Claire Howell, and Steve Read. 2020. Australia’s Indigenous Land and Forest Estate: Separate Reporting for Indigenous Ownership, Management and Other Special Rights. Technical Report 20.15. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. https://daff.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_AU/search/asset/1031081/0.

Karidakis, Maria, and Barbara Kelly. 2017. “Trends in Indigenous Language Usage.” Australian Journal of Linguistics 38 (1): 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2018.1393861.

Olsen, Penny, and Lynette Russell. 2019. “ ‘Civilisation’ Displaces Indigenous Wildlife Balance.” Wildlife Australia 56 (4): 36-41. https://doi.org/10.3316/ielapa.887587290235282.

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Copyright and Creative Commons images

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Reproducing images

It is important to consider copyright obligations when reusing an image. Don’t assume that a freely accessible image is available to use without permission. This article about copyright infringement illustrates the importance of permission checking before reusing images found on the web.

Many images can be freely downloaded under certain terms and conditions, while websites such as Associated Press, iStock by Getty Images, and Shutterstock require payment for a license to reuse content.

Open license, Creative Commons and public domain images

One of the easiest ways to successfully ensure that you are abiding by copyright requirements is to select Open License, Creative Commons (CC) or public domain images.

An Open License is one that grants permission to access, reuse and redistribute work with few or no restrictions. Creative Commons is the most well-known open license system.

A CC license doesn’t replace copyright. CC material is still protected by copyright, but the copyright owners have provided upfront permission for others to reuse their content in particular ways. You don’t have to seek permission from the copyright holder as long as you abide by the conditions set out in the CC license. You can find out more about the various CC licenses through the Creative Commons website.

Public domain images can refer to material in which copyright has expired and can be used without restriction; or where the copyright owner gives very broad permissions to people to use the content freely.

Where can I find Open License, Creative Commons and public domain images?

The following websites provide easily accessible advance search filters to quickly identify Creative Commons or public domain images:

• flickr
• Openverse (formerly Creative Commons image search)
• Wikimedia Commons
• The New York Public Library Digital Collections
• State Library of Victoria copyright-free image search (mainly historical images)
• Unsplash
• CSIRO ScienceImage

Locating copyright or Creative Commons information

Sometimes it can be difficult to locate copyright or license information associated with a table or figure. If it’s not presented alongside the content you want to use, do a search of the document for either ‘copyright’ or ‘CC’ using Ctrl + F (command + F on a Mac).

On some websites, you might want to check the footer for a link to ‘Terms of use’ which will provide you with the information you need for copyright acknowledgement.

Reference list

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Include a reference list entry for each source used in your assignment, including sources of figures and tables. Below is a list of references used in this tables and figures guide.

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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017a. 2016 Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander QuickStats: New South Wales. Canberra, ACT: ABS. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/IQS5.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017b. 2016 Census Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander QuickStats: Western Australia. Canberra, ACT: ABS. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/IQS1.

Bendon, Jim. 2015. “Galah Walking.” Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jim_bendon_1957/16207540769/.

BirdLife Australia. n.d. “Galah: Basic Information.” Birds in Backyards. Accessed January 13, 2023. http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Eolophus-roseicapillus.

Fernicola, Pablo. 2012. “Rockhopper Penguins Preenong.” Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/fernicola/8331007094/.

Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife. n.d. “Galah.” Backyard Buddies. Accessed January 13, 2023. https://www.backyardbuddies.org.au/fact-sheets/Galah.

Johnston, Greg. 2019. “Galah.” Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/gregjohnston/48372512176.

National Gallery of Australia. n.d. “The Encounter.” National Gallery of Australia. Accessed May 12, 2023. https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/results?keyword=the%20encounter&includeParts&hasImages&searchIn=title&searchIn=artistOrCulture.

Services Australia. 2020. “Australian Government Indigenous Programs & Policy Locations (AGIL) Dataset.” Australian Government. https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/34b1c164-fbe8-44a0-84fd-467dba645aa7.

Smithsonian Institution. 2018. “Great White Shark: Carcharodon Carcharias.” Smithsonian Institution. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/sharks-rays/great-white-shark.

Tukimat, Nurul, and Sobri Harun. 2015. “Climate Change Impact on Rainfall and Temperature in Muda Irrigation Area Using Multicorrelation Matrix and Downscaling Method.” Journal of Water and Climate Change 6 (3): 647-660. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.015.

Westgarth, Carri, Robert M. Christley, Garry Marvin, and Elizabeth Perkins. 2017. “I Walk My Dog Because It Makes Me Happy: A Qualitative Study to Understand Why Dogs Motivate Walking and Improved Health.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (8): 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080936.

Referencing checklist

This brief checklist highlights some general points to pay attention to when editing your in-text citations and reference list. For the components and formatting required for specific reference types, please consult the relevant sections of this guide.

In-text citations

Have you included an in-text citation each time you have paraphrased, summarised or quoted information from another source, providing information about the author and the date of your source?

Are direct quotations enclosed in quote marks with a page or paragraph number provided, in addition to the author and date for the source?

Is a comma used between author names when citing works with more than two authors?

Example: (Smith, Jones, and Lopez 2018).

Does each in-text citation have a corresponding reference list entry?

Reference list

Does the reference list only include sources that have been cited in text?

Does the reference list start on a new page or slide, after the content of your assignment, with the word ‘References’ centred at the top of the page?

Is the reference list ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name or name of the organisation responsible for the content? If the reference has no author, does the reference use the first significant word in the title?

Do all references have a hanging indent of 1.27cm? How do I create a hanging indent?

Is the first author’s name inverted with the surname (or family name) appearing first, followed by the first and middle names (if given)? Are all subsequent author names listed in the format First name Surname?

Example: Smith, Ben, Brooke A. Burke, and Jay M. Lopez.

Are all author names listed in full, except when only author initials are provided?

Are titles displayed in title case capitalisation, where each significant word is capitalised?

Example: Networked Privacy: How Teenagers Negotiate Context in Social Media

Do all online sources have an address to help the reader locate the item such as a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL if there is no DOI?

Are all DOIs preceded by https://doi.org/?

Are all DOIs and URLs presented as plain text (no live links and not underlined)?

Is there a full stop after the DOI or URL for each reference entry?

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